{"id":5868,"date":"2019-12-27T14:42:48","date_gmt":"2019-12-27T14:42:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/internationalhatestudies.com\/?p=5868"},"modified":"2019-12-27T16:32:10","modified_gmt":"2019-12-27T16:32:10","slug":"context-effect-in-the-study-on-the-perceptions-of-violence-against-lgbt-people","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/internationalhatestudies.com\/en-US\/context-effect-in-the-study-on-the-perceptions-of-violence-against-lgbt-people\/","title":{"rendered":"Context effect in the study on the perceptions of violence against LGBT people"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

By: Jacek Mazurczak<\/strong> and Piotr Godzisz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Jacek Mazurczak<\/strong> is the chief statistician in the Call It Hate<\/em> research. He is currently an expert at the Institute of Social Security<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Piotr Godzisz, PhD<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Piotr Godzisz, PhD<\/strong>, is the principal investigator in the Call It Hate<\/a><\/em> research. He sits on the management board of Lambda Warsaw and the advisory board of the INHS. He has recently started lecturing at the Birmingham City University.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

_________________________________<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While often regarded as a bias or error impacting the quality of the data, the context effect in attitude surveys may also serve as a useful tool. In the design of the recently published Call It Hate<\/em> study, this effect was predicted and used to analyse the gender dimension of respondents\u2019 attitudes towards the victims of anti-LGBT violence.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Understanding attitudes toward LGBT people as victims of crimes<\/a> \u2013 see the key findings of the Call It Hate project!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A\nbit about the context effect<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The context effect in attitude surveys is generally\nconsidered as a methodological issue. As this explainer video<\/a> and this encyclopedia entry<\/a> argue, earlier questions may\ninfluence (prime) how people interpret later questions, reducing the accuracy\nof responses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of the best-known examples of how this\nworks is a study conducted in 1948 in the USA, reported by Schuman and Presser<\/a>. Respondents were provided with a\nset of two questions: (A) “Do you think the United States should let Communist\nnewspaper reporters from other countries come in here and send back to their\npapers the news as they see it\u201d and (B) “Do you think a Communist country\nlike Russia should let American newspaper reporters come in and send back to\nAmerica the news as they see it\u201d. Of those who were asked about the presence of\nCommunist journalists in the USA first (AB), 36.5% agreed. In the reverse order\n(BA), the percentage of admitting Communist journalists in the USA increased to\n73%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To improve the quality of the data, the context\neffect should normally be countered, e.g. by rotating the order of the\nquestions in different versions of the survey. If used consciously, however,\nthe context effect may serve as a tool to interpret social facts. Tourangeau and Rasinski<\/a> argue that \u201c[c]ontext can, for\nexample, suggest a standard to which subsequent items are then compared\u201d. As\nsuch, the first question, and the response to it, may provide a framework of\nreference for subsequent questions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Context effect in the Call It Hate<\/em> study<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The priming\neffect was factored in the construction of the Call It Hate<\/em> survey,\nconducted among 10,612 respondents in 10 EU member states, and looking at\nattitudes towards LGBT people as victims of crimes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Respondents were asked how\nmuch empathy they feel for the victim(s) of crime in specific scenarios, which probed\nfor differing emotional\nreactions to crimes according to the sexual orientation or gender identity of\nthe victim(s), according to the victims\u2019 behaviour at the time of the incident,\nand the characteristics of the perpetrator(s). Respondents answered the\nquestions under one of three routes to which they were randomly assigned. The\nroutes referred to either gay men, lesbians or transgender persons. In the UK\nand Ireland, a fourth route, about bisexual people, was provided.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In order to\nprovide a framework of reference, respondents on the gay and lesbian routes were\nfirst asked about their empathy for a heterosexual couple assaulted on the\nstreet. This statement was followed by one about a similar situation but\ninvolving either a gay or lesbian couple. This allowed the respondents to\ncalibrate their responses. Together, both statements served as a reference for the\nremainder of the statements in the question, whose order, in turn, was rotated.\nThe responses for the lesbian and the gay\nroutes are presented in table 1 below.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n  \n <\/td>\n Gay route\n <\/td>\n Lesbian route\n <\/td><\/tr>
\n A heterosexual\n couple who is physically assaulted on the street when holding hands REFERENCE\n CASE<\/sup>\n <\/td>\n 8.61\n <\/td>\n 8.77\n <\/td><\/tr>
\n A [gay man \/\n lesbian] who is physically assaulted by a group of people who are members of\n a far-right extremist organisation\n <\/td>\n 8.05\n <\/td>\n 8.45\n <\/td><\/tr>
\n A [gay \/ lesbian]\n couple who is physically assaulted on the street when holding hands REFERENCE\n CASE<\/sup>\n <\/td>\n 7.64\n <\/td>\n 8.24\n <\/td><\/tr>
\n A [gay man \/\n lesbian] participating in [national name of Pride event] who is physically\n assaulted by counterdemonstrators\n <\/td>\n 7.32\n <\/td>\n 7.74\n <\/td><\/tr>
\n  \n <\/td>\n n = 3,221<\/em>\n <\/td>\n n = 3,115 <\/em>\n <\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Table 1.<\/strong> People may feel more or less empathy for victims of crime depending on the context in which the crime occurs. To what degree do you feel empathy for people who experience crime in each of the following situations? Please answer using a scale, where 0 means that you feel no empathy at all for the person against whom the crime is committed, and 10 means that you feel complete empathy for that person. Selected results. Source: Call It Hate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Table 1<\/strong> shows that, in both routes, the average empathy for the straight couple assaulted on the street when holding hands was significantly higher than for a gay or lesbian couple assaulted in a comparable situation. In fact, the empathy for gay and lesbian victims was lower across all scenarios – even in the case of an attack by members of a far-right group. A pattern is also visible in which lesbian victims received more empathy than gay male victims, regardless of the context of the crime.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This shows\nthat, apart for sexual orientation, the gender of the victim(s) is also an\nimportant factor influencing the level of empathy they elicit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Empirically,\nthe above findings document one more context in which anti-LGBT prejudice is\nmanifested, adding to body of research on discrimination. For example, similarly\nto the Call It Hate<\/em> study, the recent Eurobarometer<\/a>, which probed for comfort with\ncouples expressing affection in public, revealed both the negative attitude\ntowards same-sex couples and a gender bias.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Importantly, however, the averages for the straight couple also significantly differed between routes. Respondents assigned to the gay route declared having less empathy also for the heterosexual couple (M<\/em> = 8.61), compared to people who drew the lesbian route (M<\/em> = 8.77). This shows that the gender bias extended beyond the gay \/ lesbian division and affected declared empathy for straight couples. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The\ndifference turned out to be statistically significant at the level of p = 0.05.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We\ninterpret this unexpected finding as an effect of reverse priming<\/a>, in which the response to the prime\nis corrected for bias. This may happen as respondents have a tendency to provide\nresponses deemed to be more socially acceptable than the \u201ctrue\u201d answers (social desirability bias<\/a>). In line with this explanation, respondents\nin the gay route corrected the levels of empathy for the straight couple in\norder not to be perceived as homophobic. This was possible as all statements\nwere visible for the respondents at the same time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We found a\nsimilar regularity in the question about witnessing a crime. There, the\nrespondents on the lesbian route were more likely to declare readiness to\nintervene on behalf of the victim than the respondents on the gay or\ntransgender routes. The gendered difference extended to all items in the\nquestion (i.e. all categories of victims), including the reference category\n\u201csomeone\u201d, which was placed first in the question. Interestingly, however, unlike\nin the gay and transgender route, there was no significant difference between\nthe level of support for a lesbian victim vs the reference category. This\nsuggests that, unlike empathy, where both the sexual orientation and the gender\nof the victim play a role, the readiness to react is influenced primarily by the\nvictim\u2019s gender, with (presumably cisgender) women being more likely to be\nhelped by witnesses than men or transgender people.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conclusion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Instead of\ncounteracting the context effect, the Call It Hate<\/em> survey embraced it,\nmaking it part of the methodology. By using reference cases to calibrate the\nanswers to questions about the attitudes towards LGBT victims, we expected to\nfind different reactions to anti-LGBT violence vs other kinds of violence. We\nalso expected to find more positive attitudes towards lesbian victims (as\nwomen) compared to gay male victims. We managed, however, to find more than that:\nThe different reactions to anti-gay and anti-lesbian violence extended to reference\ncases, e.g. violence against straight victims or an undescribed \u201csomeone\u201d,\nwhich shows that respondents corrected their responses to hide bias. This\nunexpected finding would not be discovered if we did not consciously employ the\ncontext effect as a tool in the design of the research.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

***<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The whole\nreport Awareness of Anti-LGBT Hate Crime in the European Union<\/em>, edited\nby Godzisz and Viggiani, is available on the Call It Hate<\/em> project website<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The project\nis co-funded by the European Commission under the Rights, Equality and\nCitizenship programme 2014-2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

***<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

By: Jacek Mazurczak and Piotr Godzisz Jacek Mazurczak is the chief statistician in the Call It Hate research. He is currently an expert at the Institute of Social Security. Piotr Godzisz, PhD, is the principal investigator in the Call It Hate research. He sits on the management board of Lambda Warsaw and the advisory board…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":5803,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_locale":"en_US","_original_post":"5868","footnotes":""},"categories":[677,675,674,374,105,230,133,345,166,1,676,678],"tags":[683,679,665,681,220,682,685,684],"class_list":["post-5868","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-attitudes","category-call-it-hate","category-context-effect","category-discrimination","category-hate-crime","category-hate-crime-policy","category-homophobia-2","category-lgbt-hate-crime","category-research","category-uncategorized","category-victims","category-violence","tag-attitudes","tag-context-effect","tag-hate","tag-hate-crimes","tag-lgbt","tag-research","tag-social-attitudes","tag-statistics","en-US"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nContext effect in the study on the perceptions of violence against LGBT people - The International Network for Hate Studies<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/internationalhatestudies.com\/en-US\/context-effect-in-the-study-on-the-perceptions-of-violence-against-lgbt-people\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Context effect in the study on the perceptions of violence against LGBT people - The International Network for Hate Studies\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"By: Jacek Mazurczak and Piotr Godzisz Jacek Mazurczak is the chief statistician in the Call It Hate research. 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