Publications: Cyber hate (online hate crime)
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Breazu, P., 'Entitlement Racism on YouTube: White injury—the licence to Humiliate Roma migrants in the UK' (2023), Discourse, Context and Media, 55, 100718
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Breazu, P. & Katson, N., 'ChatGPT-4 as a journalist: Whose perspectives is it reproducing?' (2024), Discourse and Society [online]
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Breazu, P. & Machin, D., 'Racism is not just hate speech: Ethnonationalist victimhood in YouTube comments about the Roma during Covid-19' (2022), Language in Society [online]
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Breazu, P., Schirmer, M., Hu, S. & Katsos, N., 'Large Language Models and the challenge of analyzing discriminatory discourse: human-AI synergy in researching hate speech on social media' (2025), Journal of Multicultural Discourses [online]
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Breitwieser, K., 'Can Contextualizing User Embeddings Improve Sarcasm and Hate Speech Detection?' (2022), NLPCSS 2022 - 5th Workshop on Natural Language Processing and Computational Social Science, NLP+CSS, Held at the 2022 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, EMNLP 2022, pp. 126-139
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Brennan, F., 'Legislating against internet race hate' (2009), Information & Communications Technology Law, 18(2), pp.123-153
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Brennan, F., 'www.hatecrime.co Laws uncritical engagement' (2009), Information & Communications Technology Law, 18(2), pp.75-78
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Brett, C., '“We have watched the woke monster destroy everything”: gender and affect in the construction of wokeness on reactionary YouTube' (2025), Feminist Media Studies [online]
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Briliani, A., Irawan, B. & Setianingsih, C., 'Hate Speech Detection in Indonesian Language on Instagram Comment Section Using K-Nearest Neighbor Classification Method' (2019), Proceedings - 2019 IEEE International Conference on Internet of Things and Intelligence System, IoTaIS 2019, 8980398, pp. 98-104
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Brindle, A., 'The object of subordination is immaterial: Discursive constructions of masculinity in a far-right online forum' (2017), in Baker P. & Balirano G. (Eds.), Queering masculinities in language and culture, Palgrave Studies in Language, Gender and Sexuality (pp.251-275) . Palgrave Macmillan, London
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Britt, B.C., 'Sex Sells Terrorism: How Sexual Appeals in Fringe Online Communities Contribute to Self-Radicalization' (2023), Social Science Computer Review [online]
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Brody, E., Greenhalgh, S.P. & Sajjad, M., 'Free Speech or Free to Hate?: Anti-LGBTQ+ Discourses in LGBTQ+-Affirming Spaces on Gab Social' (2023), Journal of Homosexuality [online]
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Brooten, L., 'When Media Fuel the Crisis: Fighting Hate Speech and Communal Violence in Myanmar' (2020), in J. Matthews & E. Thorsen (Eds.), Media, Journalism and Disaster Communities. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan
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Brown, A., 'Implementing the Protocol to the Convention on Cybercrime on Xenophobia and Racism: Good Practice Study' (2023), Strasbourg, France: Council of Europe (Octopus Project)
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Brown, A., 'The Internet of Hate: Comparing the Nature, Harms, and Regulatory Challenges of Online and Offline Hate Speech' (2025), Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law, 53(2), pp. 203–282
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Brown. A. & Sinclair, A., 'Hate Speech Frontiers: Exploring the Limits of the Ordinary and Legal Concepts' (2023), Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press
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Bruns, A., 'After the ‘APIcalypse’: social media platforms and their fight against critical scholarly research' (2019), Information Communication and Society [online]
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Buenestado-Fernández, M., Jiménez-Millán, A., & Palacios-Hidalgo, F. J. (Eds.), 'Comprehensive Sexuality Education for Gender-Based Violence Prevention' (2024), Hershey, PA: IGI Global
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Bührer, S., Koban, K. & Matthes, J., 'The WWW of digital hate perpetration: What, who, and why? A scoping review' (2024), Computers in Human Behavior, 159, 108321
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Bulla, L., Gangemi, A. & Mongiovì, M., 'Towards Distribution-shift Robust Text Classification of Emotional Content' (2023), Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pp. 8256–8268
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Bunde, E., 'AI-assisted and explainable hate speech detection for social media moderators – A design science approach' (2021), Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2020-January, pp. 1264-1273
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Buoncompagni, G. & D’ambrosi, L., 'Hate Speech Towards Migrants' (2020), in G. La Rocca & J. Martínez-Torvisco (Eds.) Technological and Digital Risk: Research Issues. Peter Lang Publishers
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Buono, P., Caivano, D., Cerullo, M., Desiato, D. & Polese, G., 'Data Utility Evaluation of Different Misogyny Datasets Using Machine Learning Models and Extracting Feature Approaches' (2025), Ceur Workshop Proceedings, 3978
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Burbi, G., Baldrati, A., Agnolucci, L., Bertini, M. & Del Bimbo, A., 'Mapping Memes to Words for Multimodal Hateful Meme Classification' (2023), Proceedings - 2023 IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision Workshops, ICCVW 2023, pp. 2824–2828
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Burch, L., '‘You are a parasite on the productive classes’: Online disablist hate speech in austere times' (2017), Disability & Society [online], pp.1-24
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Burch, L. & Wilkin, D. (Eds.), 'Disability Hate Crime: Perspectives for Change' (2024), Oxfordshire, UK: Routledge
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Burch, L. & Wilkin, D. (Eds.), 'Disability Hate Crime: Perspectives for Change' (2024), London: Routledge
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Burch, L.M., Fielding-Lloyd, B. & Hayday, E.J., '‘Get back to the kitchen, cos u talk s*** on tv’: gendered online abuse and trigger events in sport' (2023), European Sport Management Quarterly [online]
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Burke, S., Diba, P. & Antonopoulos, G.A., '‘You Sick, Twisted Messes’: The Use of Argument and Reasoning in Islamophobic and Anti-Semitic Discussions on Facebook' (2020), Discourse and Society [online]
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Burke-Moore, L., Williams, A.R. & Bright, J., 'Journalists are most likely to receive abuse: analysing online abuse of UK public figures across sport, politics, and journalism on Twitter' (2025), EPJ Data Science, 14(1), 41
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Burman, A. Karan, S., Mallik, S., Majee, D., Bal, M., Anand, S. & Chakraborty, A., 'On Identifying Communities in Online Hate Speech' (2023), 2023 International Conference on New Frontiers in Communication, Automation, Management and Security, ICCAMS 2023
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Burnap, P. & Williams, M.L., 'Hate Speech, machine classification and statistical modelling of information flows on Twitter: Interpretation and communication for policy decision making' (2014), The Internet, Policy & Politics Conferences.
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Burnap, P. & Williams, M.L., 'Us and them: Identifying cyber hate on Twitter across multiple protected characteristics' (2016), EPJ Data Science, 5(1)
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Burnham, S.L.F., Arbeit, M.R. & Hilliard, L.J., 'The Subtle Spread of Hateful Memes: Examining Engagement Intentions Among Parents of Adolescents' (2022), Social Media and Society, 8(2)
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Busuioc, G.-R., Paraschiv, A. & Dascalu, M., 'FB-RO-Offense – A Romanian Dataset and Baseline Models for Detecting Offensive Language in Facebook Comments' (2022), Proceedings - 2022 24th International Symposium on Symbolic and Numeric Algorithms for Scientific Computing, SYNASC 2022, pp. 133–142
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Butler, L., Parada-Mayorga, A. & Ribeiro, A., 'Convolutional Learning on Multigraphs' (2023), IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing [online]
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Butler, O. & Turenne, S., 'The regulation of hate speech online and its enforcement – a comparative outlook' (2022), Journal of Media Law [online]
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Büyüktanır, B., Yakar, Ö. & Girgin, A.B.A., 'Hate speech framework in social media: A comprehensive review from past to present | Sosyal medyada nefret söylemi çerçevesi: Geçmişten günümüze kapsamlı bir derleme' (2024), Journal of the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture of Gazi University, 40(1), pp. 685–711
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Byoung-Chul, M., Park, K.I., Oh, K.S. & Yun, S.Y., 'Influence of Experience of Positive Commenting Activity (Sunfull) on Aggression and Hate Speech of Korean Adolescents' (2023), Journal of Curriculum and Teaching, 12(3), pp. 250–261
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Cabbuag, S.I. & Abidin, C., 'Tiktok ‘dogshows’ and the amplification of online incivility among Gen Z influencers in the Philippines' (2024), International Journal of Cultural Studies [online]
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Cabeza-San-Deogracias, J., Paz-Rebollo, M.A. & Casado-Linares, R., 'The construction of the perfect message in a digital environment: The case of Vinicius Junior and racism | La construcción del mensaje perfecto en un entorno digital. El caso de Vinicius Junior y el racismo' (2025), Estudios Sobre el Mensaje Periodistico, 31(1), pp. 77–88
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Cáceres, J.M.B., Martínez, P.R., Espinosa, J.J.S. & Joya, L.M., 'The perpetration of on- and offline hate speech among secondary school students' (2025), Frontiers in Human Dynamics, 7, 1632091
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Cahyana, N.H., Saifullah, S., Fauziah, Y., Aribowo, A.S. & Drezewski, R., 'Semi-supervised Text Annotation for Hate Speech Detection using K-Nearest Neighbors and Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency' (2022), International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 13(10), pp. 147-151
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Cahyana, R., Maulidevi, N.U. & Surendro, K., 'A Framework for Actor-Oriented Automated Hate Speech Detection' (2023), ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, pp. 283–289
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Cai, J., Chowdhury, S., Zhou, H. & Wohn, D.Y., 'Hate Raids on Twitch: Understanding Real-Time Human-Bot Coordinated Attacks in Live Streaming Communities' (2023), Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 7(CSCW2), 3610191
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Cai, Y., Zimek, A., Wunder, G. & Ntoutsi, E., 'Power of Explanations: Towards automatic debiasing in hate speech detection' (2022), Proceedings - 2022 IEEE 9th International Conference on Data Science and Advanced Analytics, DSAA 2022
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Caiani, M., Carlotti, B. & Padoan, E., 'Online Hate Speech and the Radical Right in Times of Pandemic: The Italian and English Cases' (2021), Javnost [online]
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Calabrese, A., Neves, L., Shah, N., Bos, M.W., Ross, B., Lapata, M. & Barbieri, F., 'Explainability and Hate Speech: Structured Explanations Make Social Media Moderators Faster' (2024), Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 2, pp. 398–408
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Caldera, H.M.M., Meedin, G.S.N. & Perera, I., 'A peer recommendation model to avoid hate speech engagements in multiplex social networks' (2020), 2020 From Innovation to Impact, FITI 2020
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Caldera, H.M.M., Meedin, G.S.N. & Perera, I., 'Time series based trend analysis for hate speech in Twitter during COVID 19 pandemic' (2020), 20th International Conference on Advances in ICT for Emerging Regions, ICTer 2020 – Proceedings, 9325491, pp. 286-287
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