Publications: Defining hate crime

A

Adams, M.S. & Toth, R.C., 'The unanticipated consequences of hate crime legislation' (2006), Judicature, 90(3), pp.129-134
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Akhtar, Z., 'Hate crimes and the law: Introducing caste hatred as a public order offence' (2021), New Journal of European Criminal Law, 12(2), pp. 166-183
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Akhtar, S., Basile, V. & Patti, V., 'A New Measure of Polarization in the Annotation of Hate Speech' (2019), Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), 11946 LNAI, pp. 588-603
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Al-Hakim, M., 'Making a home for the homeless in hate crime legislation' (2015), Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 30(10), pp.1755-1781
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Alkiviadou, N., 'Regulating hatred: Of devils and demons?' (2018), International Journal of Discrimination and the Law, 18(4), pp.218–236
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All Party Parliamentary Group on British Muslims (appg), 'Islamophobia defined: The inquiry into a working definition of Islamophobia' (2018)
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Allinson, R.E., 'Unmasking color racism' (2021), Dialogue and Universalism, 31(1), pp. 41-68
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Allport, G. W., 'The nature of prejudice' (1954), Reading, MA: Addison - Wesley

Ambikaipaker, M., 'Liberal exceptions: Violent racism and routine anti-racist failure in Britain' (2015), Ethnic and Racial Studies, pp.1-16
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Anti-Defamation League, 'Hate crime laws: A comprehensive guide' (1994), New York

Ardley, J., 'Hate crimes: A brief review' (2005), The International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 25(12), pp.54-66
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Arnold, R., 'Systematic racist violence in Russia between ‘hate crime’ and ‘ethnic conflict’' (2015), Theoretical Criminology, 19(2), pp.239-256
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Ault, A., 'When it happens to men, it’s “hate” and “a crime”' (1997), Journal of Poverty, 1(1), pp.49-63
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B

Badar, M. & Florijančič, P., 'Assessing Incitement to Hatred as a Crime Against Humanity of Persecution' (2019), International Journal of Human Rights [online]
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Baider, F., 'Pragmatics Lost? Overview, Synthesis and Proposition in Defining Online Hate Speech' (2020), Pragmatics and Society, 11(2), pp. 196-218
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Baider, F., 'Overview, Synthesis and Proposition in Defining Online Hate Speech' (2020), Pragmatics and Society, 11(2), pp. 196-218
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Barna, I., 'The genealogy of social hatred' (2022), Hungarian Journal of Legal Studies [online]
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Bell, J., 'Deciding when hate is a crime: The first amendment, police detectives and the identification of hate crime' (2002), Rutgers Race and the Law Review, 4(1), pp.33-76
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Berk, R.A., 'Thinking about hate-motivated crimes' (1990), Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 5(3), pp.334-349
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Berk, R.A., Boyd, E.A. & Hamner, K.M., 'Thinking more clearly about hate-motivated crimes' (1992), Herek, G.M. & Berrill, K. (eds.), 'Hate Crimes: Confronting Violence Against Lesbians and Gay Men' (1992), USA: Sage Publications

Bjørgo, T. & Aasland Ravndal, J., 'Extreme-Right Violence and Terrorism: Concepts, Patterns, and Response' (2019), ICCT Policy Brief, September 2019
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Blake, M., 'Geeks and monsters: Bias crimes and social identity' (2001), Law and Philosophy, 20(2), pp.121-139
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Bogle, J.J.J., 'Contemporary discourses on general definitions of antisemitism A review article' (2022), Nordisk Judaistik, 33(2), pp. 38-48
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Brax, D., 'Hate crime concepts and their moral foundations: A universal framework' (2016), in J. Schweppe & M.A. Walters, The globalization of hate: Internationalizing hate crime? (pp.49-64), Oxford: Oxford University Press
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Brax, D. & Munthe, C., 'The philosophical aspects of hate crime and hate crime legislation: Introducing the special section on the philosophy of hate crime' (2015), Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 30(10), pp.1687-1695
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Brudholm, T., 'Dwelling on hatred' (2018), in T. Brudholm & B. Schepelern Johansen (Eds), Hate, politics, law: Critical perspectives on combating hate (Chapter 3). New York, NY: Oxford University Press

Brudholm, T., 'Conceptualizing hatred globally: Is hate crime a human rights violation' (2016), in J. Schweppe & M.A. Walters, The globalization of hate: Internationalizing hate crime? (pp.31-48), Oxford: Oxford University Press
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C

Campo-Engelstein, L., 'Rape as a hate crime: An analysis of New York law' (2016), Hypatia, 31(1), pp.91-106
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Cepollaro, B., 'Experimentally-Informed Philosophy of Hate Speech' (2023), in D. Bordonaba-Plou (Ed.) Logic, Argumentation and Reasoning, vol. 33 (pp. 173–187), Cham: Springer
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Chakraborti, N., 'Framing the boundaries of hate crime' (2014), in Hall, N., Corb, A., Giannasi, P. & Grieve, J. (2014) The Routledge International Handbook on Hate Crime. London: Routledge

Chakraborti, N., 'Hate crime: Concepts, policy and future directions' (2010), Devon: Willan Publishing

Chakraborti, N. & Garland, J., 'Reconceptualizing hate crime victimisation through the lens of vulnerability and difference' (2012), Theoretical Criminology, 16(4), pp.499-51
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Chakraborti, N., & Garland, J., 'Hate crime: Impact, causes and responses' (2009), UK: SAGE Publications

Chermak, S., Freilich, J. & Suttmoeller, M., 'The organizational dynamics of far-right hate groups in the United States: Comparing violent to nonviolent organizations' (2013), Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 36(3), pp.193-218
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Coester, M., 'Hate crimes: Das Konzept der hate crimes aus den USA unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Rechtsextremismus in Deutschland' (2008), Peter Lang GmbH, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften (1st ed.)
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Coester, M., 'The Concept of Prejudice Crime' (2018), Knowledge Creates Democracy - Open Access Series of the IDZ
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Cogan, J.C., 'Hate crime as a crime category worthy of policy attention' (2002), American Behavioral Scientist, 46(1), pp.173-185
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Cogan, J.C. & Marcus-Newhall, A., 'Hate crimes: Research, policy and action. Introduction' (2002), American Behavioral Scientist, 46(1), pp.8-13
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Cohen-Almagor, R., 'The harm in hate speech and in Holocaust denial' (2023), in J. Steel & J. Petley (Eds.) The Routledge Companion to Freedom of Expression and Censorship (pp. 195–207), London: Routledge
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Cole, M., 'A Plethora of ‘suitable enemies’: British racism at the dawn of the twenty-first century' (2009), Ethnic and Racial Studies, 32(9), pp.1671-1685
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College of Policing, 'Hate crime operational guide' (2014)
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Cotter, J.M. , 'Sounds of hate: White power rock and roll and the neo-Nazi skinhead subculture' (1999), Terrorism and Political Violence, 11(2), pp.111-140
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Craig, K.M., 'Examining hate-motivated aggression: A review of the social psychological literature on hate crimes as a distinct form of aggression' (2002), Aggression and Violent Behavior, 7(1), pp.85-101
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Craig, K.M. & Waldo, C.R., '“So, what’s a hate crime anyway?” Young adults’ perceptions of hate crimes, victims, and perpetrators' (1996), Law and Human Behaviour, 20(2), pp.113-129
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Cronin, S., McDevitt, J., Farrell, A., & Nolan, J.J., 'Bias-crime reporting: Organizational responses to ambiguity, uncertainty, and infrequency in eight police departments' (2007), American Behavioral Scientist, 51(2), pp.213-225,227-231
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D

Davis, E., 'Race hate crime and the criminal justice response' (2020), British Journal of Community Justice, 16(2-3), pp. 92-102
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Deloughery, K., King, R.D., Asal, V. & Rethemeyer, R.K., 'Analysis of factors related to hate crime and terrorism' (2012), Final Report to teh National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism. College Park, MD: START.
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Di Rosa, A., 'Performative Hate Speech Acts. Perlocutionary and Illocutionary Understandings in International Human Rights Law' (2019), Age of Human Rights Journal, 12, pp. 105-132
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Dillof, A.M., 'Punishing bias: An examination of the theoretical foundations of bias crime statutes' (1997), Northwestern University Law Review, 91(3), pp.1015-1081
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Donovan, C., Clayton, J. & Macdonald, S.J., 'New Directions in Hate Reporting Research: Agency, Heterogeneity and Relationality' (2019), Sociological Research Online, 24(2), pp. 185-202
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