Publications: Cyber hate (online hate crime)
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Zainuddin, N., Selamat, A. & Ibrahim, R., 'Twitter feature selection and classification using Support Vector Machine for aspect-based sentiment analysis' (2016), Trends in Applied Knowledge-Based Systems and Data Science, 9799 (Lecture Notes in Computer Science), pp.269-279
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Zammit, L., 'Caught in the vacuum: Policies addressing online harms in Maltese secondary schools' (2025), British Educational Research Journal [online]
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Zamora-Martínez, P., Gascón-Vera, P. & Gómez-García, S., 'The Hate Speech Towards the Female Candidates for the Community of Madrid 2023, Gender Bias, and Virulence | O Discurso de Ódio contra as Candidatas para a Comunidade de Madri 2023, Viés de Gênero e Virulência' (2024), Icono14, 22(1), e2079
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Zamorano Llena, C., Stier, J. & Gray, B. (Eds.), 'Crisis and the Culture of Fear and Anxiety in Contemporary Europe' (2023), London: Routledge
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Zampieri, M., Ranasinghe, T., Chaudhari, M., Gaikwad, S., Krishna, P., Nene, M. & Paygude, S., 'Predicting the type and target of offensive social media posts in Marathi' (2022), Social Network Analysis and Mining, 12(1), 77
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Zampieri, N., Illina, I. & Fohr, D., 'Multiword Expression Features for Automatic Hate Speech Detection' (2021), Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), 12801 LNCS, pp. 156-164
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Zampieri, N., Ramisch, C., Illina, I. & Fohr, D., 'Identification of Multiword Expressions in Tweets for Hate Speech Detection' (2022), 2022 Language Resources and Evaluation Conference, LREC 2022, pp. 202-210
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Zamri, N.A.K., Amin, F.M., Ab Aziz, A.A., Mohammad, N., Mohamad Noh, L.M., Sah Allam, S.N., Ridzuan, A.R. & Mohideen, R.S., 'Coronavirus exacerbates xenophobia: Consciousness of Twitter posting during the pandemic' (2021), SEARCH Journal of Media and Communication Research, 2021(Special Issue), pp. 67-82
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Zamri, N.A.K., Mohamad Nasir, N.A., Hassim, M.N. & Ramli, S.M., 'Digital hate speech and othering: The construction of hate speech from Malaysian perspectives' (2023), Cogent Arts and Humanities, 10(1), 2229089
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Zannettou, S., Elsherief, M., Belding, E., Nilizadeh, S. & Stringhini, G., 'Measuring and Characterizing Hate Speech on News Websites' (2020), WebSci 2020 - Proceedings of the 12th ACM Conference on Web Science, pp. 125-134
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Zapata Rozo, A., Campo-Archbold, A., Díaz-López, D., Gray, I., Pastor-Galindo, J., Nespoli, P., Gómez Mármol, F. & McCoy, D., 'Cyber democracy in the digital age: Characterizing hate networks in the 2022 US midterm elections' (2024), Information Fusion, 110, 102459
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Zapatier, L., Morejón, M., Escobar, S., Jima-González, A.& Cuenca, E., 'Hate Speech Detection in the 2022 Ecuador Strike Using the K-Nearest Neighbors Algorithm' (2024), Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 775 LNNS, pp. 151–166
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Zarmsky, S., 'Is International Criminal Law Ready to Accommodate Online Harm? Challenges and Opportunities' (2024), Journal of International Criminal Justice, 22(1), pp. 169–184
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Zegarra-Gavilan, R. & Palomino-Flores, P., 'Digital Racist and Classist Hate Speech on Facebook' (2025), Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies, 427 SIST, pp. 563–574
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Zehndorfer, E., 'Post-Truth Politics: A Brave New World?' (2025), New York: Routledge
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Zeng, H., Zeng, X., Wang, Y. & Zhou, B., 'Target-Specific Hate Trend Prediction on Social Network' (2025), Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), 15437 LNCS, pp. 41–55
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Zhang, E., 'Deep learning for hate speech detection' (2022), Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, 12163, 1216346
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Zhang, A. & Ong, C., '“We Are Bulletproof”: The Transcultural Power of Fandom in #StopAsianHate' (2024), Sociological Inquiry [online]
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Zhang, B., 'When everyone is laughing at anti-Asian meme: the effects of disparagement meme and social (dis)approval on acceptance of prejudice and support for Asian minority' (2025), Review of Communication, 25(2), pp. 78–90
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Zhang, B., Xu, J., Ihnaini, B. & Sangi, A.R., 'Beyond Text or Image: A Comparative Study of Fine-Tuned VLM for Meme Hate Speech Detection' (2025), 2025 6th International Conference on Computer Vision Image and Deep Learning, CVIDL 2025, pp. 414–418
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Zhang, C., Abdul-Mageed, M. & Jawahar, G., 'Contrastive Learning of Sociopragmatic Meaning in Social Media' (2023), Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pp. 2405–2439
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Zhang, J., 'A neurocomputational variable on welfare tradeoffs explains the function and form of cyberaggression' (2023), Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 17, 1034564
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Zhang, K., Li, M., Cheng, J., Wang, J. & Yang, Y., 'VRCL: A Discrimination Detection Method for Multilingual and Multimodal Information' (2025), Computers Materials and Continua, 85(1), pp. 1019–1035
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Zhang, L., Deng, H., Gao, W., Yu, Y. & Xu, R., 'Enhancing implicit hate speech detection via LLM-generated adversarial samples' (2025), International Journal of System Assurance Engineering and Management [online]
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Zhang, L., Jin, L., Li, X., Sun, X., Wang, X., Zhang, Z., Lui, J., Lu, Z. & Xu, G., 'Flexible Optimal Transport with Contrastive Graphical Modeling For Multimodal Hate Detection' (2025), IEEE Transactions on Multimedia [online]
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Zhang, L., Jin, L., Sun, X., Xu, G., Zhang, Z., Li, X., Lui, N., Liu, Q. & Yan, S., 'TOT: Topology-Aware Optimal Transport for Multimodal Hate Detection' (2023), Proceedings of the 37th AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, AAAI 2023, 37, pp. 4884–4892
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Zhang, L., Jin, L., Xu, G., Li, X. & Sun, X., 'COT: A Generative Approach for Hate Speech Counter-Narratives via Contrastive Optimal Transport' (2024), IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computational Intelligence [online]
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Zhang, M., He, J., Ji, T. & Lu, C.-T., 'Don’t Go To Extremes: Revealing the Excessive Sensitivity and Calibration Limitations of LLMs in Implicit Hate Speech Detection' (2024), Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 1, pp. 12073–12086
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Zhang, Y. & Trifiro, B., 'Who Portrayed It as “The Chinese Virus”? An Analysis of the Multiplatform Partisan Framing in U.S. News Coverage About China in the COVID-19 Pandemic' (2022), International Journal of Communication, 16, pp. 1027-1050
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Zhang, Y., Chen, T., Zhang, Y. & Fu, Z., 'Enhanced Multimodal Hate Video Detection via Channel-wise and Modality-wise Fusion' (2024), IEEE International Conference on Data Mining Workshops, ICDMW, pp. 183–190
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Zhang, Z. & Luo, L., 'Hate Speech Detection: A Solved Problem? the Challenging Case of Long Tail on Twitter' (2019), Semantic Web, 10(5), pp. 925-945
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Zhao, Z., Zhang, Z. & Hopfgartner, F., 'Utilizing subjectivity level to mitigate identity term bias in toxic comments classification' (2022), Online Social Networks and Media, 29, 100205
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Zheng, J. & Zompetti, J.P., '‘I’m not a virus’: Asian hate in Donald Trump’s rhetoric' (2023), Asian Journal of Communication, 33(5), pp. 470–503
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Zhong, W., Wu, Q., Lu, G., Xue, Y. & Hu, X., 'Keyword-Enhanced Multi-Expert Framework for Hate Speech Detection' (2022), Mathematics, 10(24), 4706
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Zhou, J., Verma, G., Zhang, L., Chang, N. & de Choudhury, M., 'Harm in Layers: Compositions of Misinformative Hate in Anti-Asian Speech and Impacts on Perceived Harmfulness' (2025), Proceedings of the ACM on Human Computer Interaction, 9(2), CSCW092
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Zhou, L., Caines, A., Pete, I. & Hutchings, A., 'Automated hate speech detection and span extraction in underground hacking and extremist forums' (2023), Natural Language Engineering, 29(5), pp. 1247–1274
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Zhou, X., Yang, Y., Fan, X., Ren G., Song Y., Diao Y., Yang, L. & Lin, H., 'Hate speech detection based on sentiment knowledge sharing' (2021), ACL-IJCNLP 2021 - 59th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 11th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing, Proceedings of the Conference, pp. 7158-7166
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Zhou, Y., Yang, Y., Liu, H., Liu, X. & Savage, N., 'Deep Learning Based Fusion Approach for Hate Speech Detection' (2020), IEEE Access, 8, pp. 128923-128929
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Zia Ur Rehman, M., Mehta, S., Singh, K., Kaushik, K. & Kumar, N., 'User-aware multilingual abusive content detection in social media' (2023), Information Processing and Management, 60(5), 103450
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Zignani, M., Quadri, C., Galdeman, A., Gaito, S., Rossi, G.P., 'Mastodon Content Warnings: Inappropriate Contents in a Microblogging Platform' (2019), Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Web and Social Media, ICWSM 2019, pp. 639-645
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Zikrina, S.A. & Fitriyani, 'Advancing Hate Speech Detection in Indonesian Language Using Graph Neural Networks and TF-IDF' (2025), Jurnal RESTI, 9(1), pp. 137–145
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Zimdars, M. (Ed.), 'Mis/Disinformation and Democratic Society' (2025), New York: Routledge
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Zinhumwe, T., 'Stoking the Flames of Conflict in Zimbabwe’s Electoral Terrain: Detecting and Reporting Hate Speech in Online Media' (2023), in E. Mavengano & S. Chirongoma (Eds.) Electoral Politics in Zimbabwe, Volume I: The 2023 Election and Beyond (pp. 287–306), Cham: Palgrave Macmillan
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Živković, I. & Petrović, D., 'Political (ab)use of the internet- Facebook in hands of Serbian right-wing | Politička (zlo)upotreba interneta– Fejsbuk u rukama ekstremne desnice' (2024), Sociologija, 66(1), pp. 64–86
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Zufall, F., Hamacher, M., Kloppenborg, K. & Zesch, T., 'A Legal Approach to Hate Speech – Operationalizing the EU’s Legal Framework against the Expression of Hatred as an NLP Task' (2022), NLLP 2022 - Natural Legal Language Processing Workshop 2022, Proceedings of the Workshop, pp. 53-64
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Züfle, M., Dankers, V. & Titov, I., 'Latent Feature-based Data Splits to Improve Generalisation Evaluation: A Hate Speech Detection Case Study' (2023), GenBench 2023 - GenBench: 1st Workshop on Generalisation (Benchmarking) in NLP, Proceedings, pp. 204–213
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Zuleta, L. & Burkal, R., 'Hate speech in the public online debate' (2017), The Danish Institute for Human Rights
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Zulfan, Marpaung, J.L., Rangkuti, R., Lubis, A.P. & Chaldun, W., 'A Dynamic Simulation and Network Analysis of Hate Speech Propagation on Social Media: Integrating Mathematical Modeling and Digital Humanities' (2025), International Journal of Safety and Security Engineering, 15(5), pp. 925–935
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Zúquete, J.P. (Ed.), 'The Palgrave Handbook of Left-Wing Extremism (Volume 1)' (2023), Cham: Palgrave Macmillan
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Đorđević, J.P., 'The Silencing of Rape Victims in Readers’ Comments on Serbian News Websites' (2024), Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly [online]
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