Publications: Hate crime models
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Rowbottom, J., 'A thumb on the scale: measures short of a prohibition to combat hate speech' (2022), Journal of Media Law [online]
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Ruse, M., 'Why We Hate: Understanding the Roots of Human Conflict' (2023), New York: Oxford University Press
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Ryan Kelly, C., 'Caught on Tape: White Masculinity and Obscene Enjoyment' (2023), New York: Oxford University Press
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Saha, P., Garimella, K., Kalyan, N.K., Pandey, S.K., Meher, P.M., Mathew, B. & Mukherjee, A., 'On the rise of fear speech in online social media' (2023), Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 120(11), e2212270120
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Said, N.K.M. & Almamoory, S.M.A., 'Discursive Strategies in the French Broadcast Media About the Ukraine Crisis' (2025), Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 15(5), pp. 1689–1696
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Said-Hung, E., Arce-García, S. & Montero-Díaz, J., 'Patterns of Dissemination of Expressions of Hate and Polarization in Ibero-America' (2024), in A. Casero-Ripollés & P.C. López-López (Eds.) The Routledge Handbook of Political Communication in Ibero- America (pp. 114–127), London: Routledge
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Said-Hung, E., Montero-Díaz, J. & Sánchez-Esparza, M., 'The Promotion of Hate Speech: From a Media and Journalism Perspective' (2023), Journalism Practice [online]
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Saiya, N., Manchanda, S. & Wadidi, R., 'Faith-Based Discrimination and Violent Religious Hostilities: A Global Analysis' (2023), Journal of Conflict Resolution [online]
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Salman, R.S. & Al-Shugairi, S.H., 'Incitement to violence on social media in Iraq, Facebook publications as a model for the period (from 1/4 to 1/6/2022)' (2022), Res Militaris, 12(2), pp. 5584-5594
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Salter, M. & McGuire, K., 'The Lived Experience of Hate Crime: Towards a Phenomenological Approach' (2020), Cham: Springer
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Sánchez-Junquera, J., Chulvi, B., Rosso, P. & Ponzetto, S.P., 'How do you speak about immigrants? Taxonomy and StereoImmigrants dataset for identifying stereotypes about immigrants' (2021), Applied Sciences (Switzerland), 11(8), 3610
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Sanders, T., Scoular, J. & Campbell, R., 'Sex Work, Hate Crime and the Criminal law' (2022), Journal of Criminal Law, 86(2), pp. 109-125
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Santos de Menezes, M., 'Victims and persecutors? The complexity of violence against sexual and gender diversity in official hate crimes in Portugal between 2015 and 2020 | VÍTIMAS E ALGOZES: A COMPLEXIDADE DA VIOLÊNCIA CONTRA A DIVERSIDADE SEXUAL E DE GÊNERO NOS CRIMES DE ÓDIO OFICIAIS EM PORTUGAL ENTRE 2015 E 2020' (2024), Revista Direito e Sexualidade, 5(2), pp. 154–182
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Saud, J. & Mozin, N., 'Hate speech law and its analysis on technological information manipulation' (2022), AIP Conference Proceedings, 2573, 040003-1
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Scaramuzzino, G., 'Shrinking or expanding access to civic space? The consequences of hate speech, threats and harassment within Swedish civil society' (2023), Journal of Civil Society [online]
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Schäfer, S., Rebasso, I., Boyer, M.M. & Planitzer, A.M., 'Can We Counteract Hate? Effects of Online Hate Speech and Counter Speech on the Perception of Social Groups' (2023), Communication Research [online]
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Schäfer, S., Sülflow, M. & Reiners, L., 'Hate Speech as an Indicator for the State of the Society: Effects of Hateful User Comments on Perceived Social Dynamic' (2021), Journal of Media Psychology [online]
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Scharwächter, E. & Müller, E., 'Does Terrorism Trigger Online Hate Speech? On the Association of Events and Time Series' (2020), Annals of Applied Statistics, 14(3), pp. 1285-1303
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Scheitle, C., Mabute-Louie, B., Ferguson, J., Hawkins, E. & Ecklund, E.H., 'Fear of Religious Hate Crime Victimization and the Residual Effects of Anti-Semitism and Islamophobia' (2023), Social Forces, 101(4), pp. 2059-2086
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Schenk, R., 'Hate, rage, and cultural war: The truth of America’s big lie' (2023), in I.S. Burnett (Ed.) Re-Visioning the American Psyche: Jungian, Archetypal, and Mythological Reflections (pp. 99–116), London: Routledge
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Schilling, C.L., 'The therapized antisemite: The myth of psychology and the evasion of responsibility' (2024), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter
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Schmid, P.C. & Amodio, D.M., 'Power effects on implicit prejudice and stereotyping: The role of intergroup face processing' (2016), Social Neuroscience, pp.1-14
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Schmid, U.K., 'Humorous hate speech on social media: A mixed-methods investigation of users’ perceptions and processing of hateful memes' (2025), New Media and Society, 27(3), pp. 1588–1606
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Schmid, U.K., Kümpel, A.S. & Rieger, D., 'How social media users perceive different forms of online hate speech: A qualitative multi-method study' (2022), New Media and Society [online]
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Schmitz, M., Muric, G. & Burghardt, K., 'Quantifying How Hateful Communities Radicalize Online Users' (2022), Proceedings of the 2022 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining, ASONAM 2022, pp. 139-146
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Schmitz, M., Muric, G., Hickey, D. & Burghardt, K., 'Do users adopt extremist beliefs from exposure to hate subreddits?' (2024), Social Network Analysis and Mining, 14(1), 22
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Schweppe, J. & Perry, B., 'A continuum of hate: Delimiting the field of hate studies' (2021), Crime, Law and Social Change [online]
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Scotto di Carlo, G., 'An analysis of self-other representations in the incelosphere: Between online misogyny and self-contempt' (2022), Discourse and Society [online]
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Scrivens, R., 'Examining Online Indicators of Extremism among Violent and Non-Violent Right-Wing Extremists' (2022), Terrorism and Political Violence [online]
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Scrivens, R., Osuna, A.I., Chermak, S.M., Whitney, M.A. & Frank, R., 'Examining Online Indicators of Extremism in Violent Right-Wing Extremist Forums' (2021), Studies in Conflict and Terrorism [online]
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Scrivens, R., Wojciechowski, T.W., Freilich, J.D., Chermak, S.M. & Frank, R., 'Differentiating Online Posting Behaviors of Violent and Nonviolent Right-Wing Extremists' (2022), Criminal Justice Policy Review [online]
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Scrivens, R., Wojciechowski, T.W., Gaudette, T. & Frank, R., 'Examining the Persisting and Desisting Online Posting Behaviors of Violent and Non-Violent Right-Wing Extremists' (2025), Terrorism and Political Violence [online]
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Sędłak, A., 'The Specificity of Hatred. An Analysis Based on the Aristotelian-Thomistic Concept' (2023), Studia Gilsoniana, 12(3), pp. 493–515
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Sekuler, T., 'Temporalization and the Digital Vigilante: Past Presencing, Un/Doing Futures and “Jewish Revenge” as Affective Justice in Talia Lavin’s Culture Warlords' (2024), Studies in Social Justice, 18(2), pp. 323–343
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Sepúlveda, J.G.E., 'Democracy and Online Media: A New Form of Hate Speech with Artificial Intelligence as a Backdrop | [Democracia y Medios de Comunicación en línea: Una nueva forma de discurso de odio con la Inteligencia Artificial como telón de fondo]' (2022), Revista de Filosofia (Venzuela), 39(100), pp. 63-77
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Serafis, D., 'Unveiling the rationale of soft hate speech in multimodal artefacts: a critical framework' (2022), Journal of Language and Discrimination, 6(2), pp. 321-346
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Seymore, K. Pease, B., Strid, S. & Hearn, J. (Eds.), 'Interconnecting the Violences of Men: Continuities and Intersections in Research, Policy and Activism' (2024), London: Routledge
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Shahani, N., 'The queer politics of prison abolition: Revisiting the case of Latisha King' (2022), in J.L. Casero (Ed.) Gender Utopias for a Post-Apocalyptic World (pp. 63-80), Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers
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Shahin, S. & Hou, M., '#StopAsianHate as Hashtag Activism: Provocateurs, Celebrities, and Fan Practices of Collective Action Against Racism' (2025), Social Media and Society, 11(1)
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Shanmugavelan, M., 'Caste-hate speech and digital media politics' (2022), Journal of Digital Media and Policy, 13(1), pp. 41-55
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Sharma, A., 'Afrazul’s Murder: Law and Love Jihad' (2020), Jindal Global Law Review (Special Issue) [online]
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Siapera, E., 'AI Content Moderation, Racism and (de)Coloniality' (2021), International Journal of Bullying Prevention [online]
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Sibanyoni, E.K., Mkhize, S. & Amali, S.E., 'LGBTQIA+ victimization: A theoretical discourse' (2023), Sexuality, Gender and Policy [online]
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Siler, A. & Karsli, B., 'Religious Hate Speech in a Networked Society: The Digital Pulpit Sheikhdom | Ağ Toplumunda Dini Nefret Söylemi: Dijital Kürsü Şeyhliği' (2024), Hitit Theology Journal, 23(2), pp. 1114–1137
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Simmons, H.M., 'Trans liberation under neoliberal governmentality: An argument against rights-based activism' (2023), Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality, 32(2), pp. 221–228
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Sin, C.H., 'Using a ‘layers of influence’ model to understand the interaction of research, policy and practice in relation to disablist hate crime' (2014), in Chakraborti, N. & Garland, J. (2014) Responding to hate crime: the case for connecting policy and research. Bristol: Policy Press.
Sinnar, S., 'Hate Crimes, Terrorism, and the Framing of White Supremacist Violence' (2022), California Law Review, 110(2), pp. 489-565
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Sinnar, S., 'The Conundrums of Hate Crime Prevention' (2022), Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 112(4),4, pp. 801-846
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Sinokki, J., 'Welcome to the Dark Side: Use of Humour in Indoctrinating to Extremist Ideologies' (2025), Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 55(3), e70010
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Sirichan, K., 'The direct reference theory of pejoratives in hate speech' (2021), Philosophia (Philippines), 22(2), pp. 245-259
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