Publications: Hate crime models
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Raghunath, P., '“Hated Speech”: the communicative dimension of progressive politics and (un)democracy in India' (2025), in A. Mattoni (Ed.) Handbook of Progressive Politics (pp. 434–447), Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing
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Rahman, N.A.A., '“Is technology making you prejudiced?”: How technology is enabling hate IRL' (2021), in M. Khader, W. Xiau Ting Chai & L. S. Neo (Eds.) Introduction To Cyber Forensic Psychology: Understanding The Mind Of The Cyber Deviant Perpetrators (pp. 113-132), Singapore: World Scientific Publishing
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Rai, P., 'Conceptualizing Cruelty-Hate Crimes against Street Dogs in India' (2025), Journal of Asian and African Studies, 00219096251341585
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Rani, S., Kaur, J. & Bhambri, P., 'Technology and Gender Violence: Victimization Model, Consequences and Measures' (2024), in D. Mishra, A. Ngoc Le & Z. McDowell (Eds.) Signals and Communication Technology (Part F1803) (pp. 1–19), Cham: Springer
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Rappuoli, L.A., 'A Simple Theory of Overt and Covert Dogwhistles' (2023), Manuscrito, 46(3), e-2022-0048-R2
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Ratcliff, J.J., Andrus, T., Miller, A.K., Olowu, F. & Capellupo, J., 'When Potential Allies and Targets Do (and Do Not) Confront Anti-Asian Prejudice: Reactions to Blatant and Subtle Prejudice During the COVID-19 Pandemic' (2023), Journal of Interpersonal Violence [online]
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Ratcliff, S. & Schwadel, P., 'The role of religious contexts on hate crimes, 2003–2017' (2023), Social Science Quarterly [online]
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Ray, A. & George, J.F., 'Online hate and its routes to aggression: A research agenda' (2021), Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2020-January, pp. 6379-6389
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Razack, S.H., 'It Didn’t Begin in Hate: Why a Hate Crimes Framework Can’t Take Us to Abolition' (2023), State Crime Journal, 12(2), pp. 267–278
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Rebrina, L.N., 'Hate show: Implementation of hate as a communicative phenomenon' (2022), Vestnik Volgogradskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta. Seriya 2. Yazykoznanie, 21(1), pp. 151–163
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Recker Rayburn, N., Mendoza, M. & Davidson, G.C., 'Bystanders’ perceptions of perpetrators and victims of hate crime: An investigation using the person perception paradigm' (2003), Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 18(9), pp.1055-1074
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Register, Y., Grasso, I., Weingarten, L.N., Fury, L., Chinea, C.E., Malloy, T.J. & Spiro, E.S., 'Beyond Initial Removal: Lasting Impacts of Discriminatory Content Moderation to Marginalized Creators on Instagram' (2024), Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 8(CSCW1), 23
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Reichelmann, A.V. & Costello, M., 'When Patriot Becomes Hate-triot: The Relationship Between American Identity and the Production of Cyberhate' (2021), American Journal of Criminal Justice [online]
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Reiff, M.R., 'The liberal conception of free speech and its limits' (2024), Jurisprudence [online]
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Relia, K., Li, Z., Cook, S.H., Chunara, R., 'Race, Ethnicity and National Origin-Based Discrimination in Social Media and Hate Crimes Across 100 U.S. Cities' (2019), Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Web and Social Media, ICWSM 2019, pp. 417-427
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Ren, J. & Feagin, J., 'Face Mask Symbolism in Anti-Asian Hate Crimes' (2020), Ethnic and Racial Studies [online]
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Reneses, M., Riberas-Gutiérrez, M. & Bueno-Guerra, N., 'Who shares fake news? The consumption and distribution of information among adolescents and its relationship to hate speech | ¿Quién comparte fake news? Consumo y distribución de información entre adolescentes y su relación con el discurso de odio' (2024), Revista de Educacion, 1(406), pp. 265–291
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Reyes, A. & Saldívar, R., 'Linguistic-based Approach for Recognizing Implicit Language in Hate Speech: Exploratory Insights' (2022), Computacion y Sistemas, 26(1), pp. 101-111
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Riaz, S., 'Does inequality foster xenophobia? Evidence from the German refugee crisis' (2023), Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies [online]
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Riaz, S., Bischof, D. & Wagner, M., 'Out-Group Threat and Xenophobic Hate Crimes: Evidence of Local Intergroup Conflict Dynamics between Immigrants and Natives' (2024), Journal of Politics, 86(4), pp. 1146–1161
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Ricca, M., 'The ‘Spaghettification’ of Performativity Across Cultural Boundaries: The Trans-culturality/Trans-Spatiality of Digital Communication As an Event Horizon for Speech Acts' (2022), International Journal for the Semiotics of Law [online]
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Richards, I., Smith, C. & Barton, G., 'Holding to account or amplifying extremist hate? A mixed methods analysis of newspaper reporting on far-right crime in Australia' (2024), Critical Studies on Terrorism [online]
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Richardson, J.E., Giraud, E.H., Poole, E. & de Quincey, E., '‘Hypocrite!’ Affective and argumentative engagement on Twitter, following the Christchurch terrorist attack' (2024), Media, Culture and Society [online]
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Rinaldi, C., 'Homophobic Conduct as Normative Masculinity Test: Victimization, Male Hierarchies, and Heterosexualizing Violence in Hate Crimes' (2022), in Management Association, Information Resources (Eds.) Research Anthology on Inclusivity and Equity for the LGBTQ+ Community (pp. 89-112), Hershey, PA: IGI Global
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Rincón Martínez, A.M., 'Freedom of expression, prohibited speech and the right to a life free of violence | La libertad de expresión, discursos prohibidos y el derecho a una vida libre de violencia' (2025), Clio Revista De Historia Ciencias Humanas Y Pensamiento Critico, 5(10), pp. 859–884
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Rinner, S., 'Slurs and Freedom of Speech' (2022), Journal of Applied Philosophy [online]
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Rios-Campos, P., Rodríguez-Ávila, N. & Rodríguez-Martinez, P., 'Socials Theories of Hate: Geopolitical Analysis and Pedagogical Approaches | Teorías Sociales del Odio: Análisis Geopolítico y Enfoques Pedagógicos para Contrarrestarlo' (2025), HSE Social and Education History, 14(1), pp. 70–90
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Risso Ferrand, M., 'Freedom Speech and Combat to Hate Speech | [La Libertad de Expresión y el Combate al Discurso del Odio]' (2020), Estudios Constitucionales, 18(1), pp. 51-89
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Rivera, B.A.C., 'LGBTIQ-phobia, a Look at Crimes against Humanity from Sexual Diversity | LGBTIQ-fobia, una mirada a los delitos de lesa humanidad desde la diversidad sexual' (2024), Foro: Revista de Derecho, 2024(42), pp. 173–189
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Rivera-Martín, B. & Martínez de Bartolomé-Rincón, I., 'Analysis of Audiovisual Narrative, Violence and Hate Speech in Children’s Cartoons | Análisis de la narrativa audiovisual, la violencia y el discurso de odio en los dibujos animados infantiles' (2025), European Public and Social Innovation Review, 10
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Röbel, M., 'Hate Speech und die Grenzen der Kommunikation: Tillichs Fanatismus-Analysen im digitalen Zeitalter' (2022), in C. Danz, M. Dumas, W. Schüßler & B. Wagoner (Eds.) Liminal Spaces and Ethical Challenges: Yearbook 2021/2022 (pp. 93–115), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter
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Roberts, A. & Tamla Rai, V., 'Are Black Offenders Disproportionately Victimizing Asian Americans During the COVID-19 Pandemic? Comparison to Expected Racial Distributions and the Pre-Pandemic Period' (2024), Victims and Offenders [online]
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Robertson, E., 'Free Speech and Challenges to Open-Mindedness in Higher Education' (2025), in W.D. Riggs (Ed.) Virtue of Open Mindedness and Perspective (pp. 101–121), New York: Oxford Academic
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Robinson, A.N., 'Color-evasive free speech ideology: A conceptual analysis of free speech as racial oppression in U.S. higher education' (2021), Critical Studies in Education [online]
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Robinson, S. & Hiltz, E., 'Platformed misogyny in Depp v Heard: #justiceforjohnny and networked defamation' (2024), Feminist Media Studies [online]
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Robles, J.-M., Guevara, J.-A., Casas-Mas, B. & Gömez, D., 'When negativity is the fuel. Bots and Political Polarization in the COVID-19 debate | [Cuando la negatividad es el combustible. Bots y polarización política en el debate sobre el COVID-19]' (2022), Comunicar, 30(71), pp. 1-12
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Rodrigo Jusué, I., 'Counter-terrorism training “at your kitchen table”: the promotion of “CT citizens” and the securitisation of everyday life in the UK' (2021), Critical Studies on Terrorism [online]
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Rodríguez Madera, S.L., 'From Necropraxis to Necroresistance: Transgender Experiences in Latin America' (2020), Journal of Interpersonal Violence [online]
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Rodriguez-Sanchez, F., Carrillo-de-Albornoz, J. & Plaza, L., 'Automatic classification of sexism in social networks: an empirical study on Twitter data' (2020), IEEE Access [online]
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Roig, F.J.A., 'An Analytic and Liberal Defense of Freedom of Expression | [Una defensa analítica y liberal de la libertad de expresión]' (2022), Diritto and Questioni Pubbliche, 22(1), pp. 245-252
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Romer-Pieretti, M., Said-Hung, E. & Montero-Diaz, J., 'Semiotic Analysis of Hate Discourse in Spanish Digital News Media: Biden’s Inauguration Case Study' (2025), Social Inclusion, 13, 9295
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Romero‐Rodríguez, L.M., Castillo‐Abdul, B. & Cuesta‐Valiño, P., 'The Process of the Transfer of Hate Speech to Demonization and Social Polarization' (2023), Politics and Governance, 11(2), pp. 109-113
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Roose, J.M. & Turner, B.S., 'Islamophobia, Science and the Advocacy Concept' (2019), Society [online]
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Rosen, Z.P. & Dale, R., 'Antisemitic and Islamophobic hate speech precedes a decrease in lexico-semantic diversity in comment threads online' (2025), Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 12(1), 472
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Rowbottom, J., 'A thumb on the scale: measures short of a prohibition to combat hate speech' (2022), Journal of Media Law [online]
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Ruse, M., 'Why We Hate: Understanding the Roots of Human Conflict' (2023), New York: Oxford University Press
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Ryan Kelly, C., 'Caught on Tape: White Masculinity and Obscene Enjoyment' (2023), New York: Oxford University Press
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Saha, P., Garimella, K., Kalyan, N.K., Pandey, S.K., Meher, P.M., Mathew, B. & Mukherjee, A., 'On the rise of fear speech in online social media' (2023), Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 120(11), e2212270120
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Said, N.K.M. & Almamoory, S.M.A., 'Discursive Strategies in the French Broadcast Media About the Ukraine Crisis' (2025), Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 15(5), pp. 1689–1696
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Said-Hung, E., Arce-García, S. & Montero-Díaz, J., 'Patterns of Dissemination of Expressions of Hate and Polarization in Ibero-America' (2024), in A. Casero-Ripollés & P.C. López-López (Eds.) The Routledge Handbook of Political Communication in Ibero- America (pp. 114–127), London: Routledge
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