Publications: Racist hate crime
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Tong, S.T., Stoycheff, E. & Mitra, R., 'Racism and resilience of pandemic proportions: online harassment of Asian Americans during COVID-19' (2022), Journal of Applied Communication Research [online]
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Törnberg, A. & Törnberg, P., 'White supremacists anonymous: how digital media emotionally energize far-right movements' (2023), Journal of Information Technology and Politics [online]
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Torres, S., 'Hate crimes against African Americans: The extent of the problem' (1999), Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 15, pp.48-63
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Treece, D., 'The Challenges for Anti-racists in Bolsonaro’s Brazil' (2021), Journal of Iberian and Latin American Studies, 27(2), pp. 213-233
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Trickett, L., 'Reflections on gendered masculine identities intargeted violence against ethnic minorities' (2014), in Hall, N., Corb, A., Giannasi, P. & Grieve, J. (eds.) (2014) The Routledge International Handbook on Hate Crime. London: Routledge
Trindade, L.V.P., 'Disparagement Humour and Gendered Racism on Social Media in Brazil' (2019), Ethnic and Racial Studies [online]
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Tsakona, V., Karachaliou, R. & Archakis, A.,, 'Liquid Racism in the Greek Anti-Racist Campaign #StopMindBorders' (2020), Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict, 8(2), pp. 232-261
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Tsosie, R., 'Constitutional Law and Epistemic Injustice: Hate Speech, Stereotyping, and Recognition Harm' (2022), in P. Giladi & N. McMillan (Eds.) Epistemic Injustice and the Philosophy of Recognition (pp. 256-278), New York: Routledge
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Tsri, K., 'Africans are not black: Why the use of the term ‘black’ for Africans should be abandoned' (2015), African Identities, pp.1-14
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Tu, F., Jiang, S. & Gong, X., 'Reviving the “Yellow Peril” Digitally: Anti-Asian Hate on Twitter During the COVID-19 Pandemic' (2024), International Journal of Communication, 18, pp. 1765–1788
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Tucker, L., '‘It’s not just about the football’: Leading social change in a Sunday league football team' (2015), Sport in Society, 18(4), pp.410-424
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Tudor, A., 'Ascriptions of migration: Racism, migratism and Brexit' (2022), European Journal of Cultural Studies [online]
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Tyner, J.A., 'Hate-crimes as racial violence: A critique of the exceptional' (2016), Social and Cultural Geography, pp.1-19
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Tynes, B.M., Lozada, F.T., Smith, N.A. & Stewart, A.M., 'From racial microaggressions to hate crimes: A model of online racism based on the lived experiences of adolescents of color' (2018), Tynes, B.M., Lozada, F.T., Smith, N.A. & Stewart, A.M., From racial microaggressions to hate crimes: A model of online racism based on the lived experiences of adolescents of color (2018), Microaggression Theory: Influence and Implications, pp. 194-212
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Tynes, B.M., Rose, C.A., Hiss, S., Umana-Taylor, A.J., Mitchell, K. & Williams, D., 'Virtual environments, online racial discrimination, and adjustment among a diverse, school-based sample of adolescents' (2014), International Journal of Gaming and Computer-Mediated Simulations, 6(3), pp.1-16
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Tyson, J., 'Levelling the playing field' (2015)
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Tzioumis, K., 'Detecting discrimination: A dynamic perspective' (2015), Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society)
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Udani, A., Manion, A. & Kimball, D., 'Your Typical Criminal: Why White Americans Hate Voter Fraud' (2024), Public Opinion Quarterly, 88(SI), pp. 757–780
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Uddin, N. & Arif, D. (Eds.), 'Refugees and the Media: Local and Global Perspectives' (2024), Cham: Palgrave Macmillan
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University of Western Sydney, 'Challenging racism: The Anti-Racism Research Project' (2011)
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Urbanik, M.-M., Maier, K., Tetrault, J.E.C. & Greene, C., 'Hate Crime and Class Vulnerability: A Case Study of White Nationalist Violence Against Unhoused Indigenous People' (2024), British Journal of Criminology, 64(4), pp. 863–880
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Urios Alacreu, E. & Rosso, P., 'Identification of Racial and Sexist Stereotypes in Spanish: A Learning with Disagreements Approach | Identificación de Estereotipos Raciales y Sexistas en Español: Un Enfoque Basado en Aprendizaje con Desacuerdos' (2025), Procesamiento del Lenguaje Natural, 74, pp. 15–31
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Uviller, H.R., 'Making it worse: ‘Hate’ as an aggravating factor in criminal conduct' (2000), Ethnic and Racial Studies, 23(4), pp.761-767
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Uyheng, J., Bellutta, D. & Carley, K.M., 'Bots Amplify and Redirect Hate Speech in Online Discourse About Racism During the COVID-19 Pandemic' (2022), Social Media and Society, 8(3)
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Vachuska, K. & Brudvig, J., 'Discourse from #The Real UW: What tweets say about racial concerns at a predominately white institution' (2018), Social Sciences, 7(21), pp.1-13
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Vaishnav, S. & Hassouneh, E., 'Marginalization Stress: Hate, Violence, and Microaggressions' (2024), in C. Stark, J.L. Tapia Jr, K. Rogalla & K. Bunch (Eds.) Professional’s Guide to Trauma-Informed Decision Making (pp. 123-142), Cham: Springer
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Van Dyke, N. & Tester, G., 'Dangerous climates: Factors associated with variation in racist hate crimes on college campuses' (2014), Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 30(3), pp.290-309
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Van Schenck, R., 'Deplatforming “the people”: media populism, racial capitalism, and the regulation of online reactionary networks' (2023), Media, Culture and Society [online]
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Van Sluytman, L., Spikes, P., Nandi, V., Van Tieu, H., Frye, V., Patterson, J. & Koblin, B., 'Ties that bind: Community attachment and the experience of discrimination among Black men who have sex with men' (2015), Culture, Health and Sexuality, pp.1-14
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van Wieringen, L., Weggemans, D. & Liem, M., '‘Tell them if they race-mix, they will rot in hell’: right-wing extremists’ narratives on children’s ideological socialization' (2025), Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression [online]
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Vanden Bosch, M., 'Communities Collide: Hate Crime Myth Acceptance in the Campus Context' (2025), Crime and Delinquency [online]
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Vega, V.E., Perry, T.B., Pryor, N. & Henderson-Green, S., 'When teachers write and heal together: Using critical race theory and historically responsive literacy in digital 3rd space' (2023), Writing and Pedagogy, 15(1-2), pp. 181–196
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Vélez-Coto, M., Morejón-Llamas, N. & Cárdenas-Rica, M.L., 'Feelings of Hatred in the Face of Racialised Photographs: Adults’ Emotional and Behavioural Response in Social Media | Sentimentos de ódio diante de fotografias racializadas: resposta emocional e comportamental de adultos nas redes sociais' (2025), Palabra Clave, 28(1), e2816
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Venäläinen, S., Virkki, T., 'Struggles for Moral Value and the Reproduction of Gendered and Racialised Hierarchies in Online Discussions of Violence' (2019), Sociological Review [online]
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Venkatesan, S. & Joshi, I.A., '“I AM NOT A VIRUS”: COVID-19, Anti-Asian Hate, and Comics as Counternarratives' (2023), Journal of Medical Humanities [online]
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Vera Santos, R.E., 'Hate crime and racial discrimination in Ecuador: The case of Michael Arce in ESMIL' (2021), International Journal of Discrimination and the Law [online]
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Verma, G., Grover, R., Zhou, J., Mathew, B., Kraemer, J., De Choudhury, M. & Kumar, S., 'A Community-Centric Perspective for Characterizing and Detecting Anti-Asian Violence-Provoking Speech' (2024), Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 1, pp. 12672–12684
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Vidra, Z. & Fox, J., 'Mainstreaming of racist anti-Roma discourses in the media in Hungary' (2014), Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 12(4), pp.437-455
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Vogel, B.L., 'Perceptions of hate: The extent to which a motive of “hate” influences attitudes of violent crimes' (2000), Journal of Crime and Justice, 23(2), pp.1-25
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Vrielink, J., '‘Islamophobia’ and the law: Belgian hate speech legislation and the wilful destruction of the Koran' (2014), International Journal of Discrimination and the Law, 14(1), pp.54-65
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Vysotsky, S., 'Uniting the right: Anti-immigration, organizing, and the legitimation of extreme racist organizations' (2014), Journal of Hate Studies, 12(1), pp. 129-151
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Wachs, S., Bilz, L., Wettstein, A. & Espelage, D.L., 'Validation of the multidimensional bystander responses to racist hate speech scale and its association with empathy and moral disengagement among adolescents' (2023), Aggressive Behavior [online]
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Wachs, S., Wettstein, A., Bilz, L., Espelage, D.L., Wright, M.F. & Gámez-Guadix, M., 'Individual and Contextual Correlates of Latent Bystander Profiles toward Racist Hate Speech: A Multilevel Person-centered Approach' (2024), Journal of Youth and Adolescence [online]
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Wadsworth, E., Dhillon, K., Shaw, C., Bhui, K., Stansfeld, S. & Smith, A., 'Racial Discrimination, ethnicity and work stress' (2007), Occupational Medicine, 57(1), pp.18-24
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Wagner, A. & Marusek, S. (Eds.), 'Handbook on Cyber Hate: The Modern Cyber Evil (Law and Visual Jurisprudence Series)' (2024), Cham: Springer
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Wagner, G.J., Bogart, L.M., Galvan, F.H., Banks, D. & Klein, D.J., 'Discrimination as a key mediator of the relationship between posttraumatic stress and HIV treatment adherence among African American men' (2012), Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 35(1), pp.8-18
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Walker. S., Delone. M., & Spohn, C. S., 'The color of justice: Race, ethnicity, and crime in America' (1999), Belmont, CA: Wadsworth
Wallenberg, J.S., 'The impact of racial slurs and racism on the perceptions and punishment of violent crime' (2008), Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 23(5), pp.685-701
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Walpurga Koll, M.K., 'Hate crime legislation versus the legacy of Lynch Law in the U.S.: The struggle against a biased popular justice' (2009), Legal Narratives, pp.77-100
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Walters, M.A., 'Conceptualizing ‘hostility’ for hate crime law: Minding ‘the minutiae’ when interpreting section 28(1)(a) of the Crime and Disorder Act 1998' (2014), Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, 34(1), pp.47-74
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