Publications: Impacts and consequences of hate crime
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Shimkhada, R. & Ponce, N.A., 'Surveying Hate and Its Effects During the COVID-19 Pandemic Among Asian Americans and Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders' (2022), American journal of public health, 112(10), pp. 1446-1453
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Shmulewitz, D., Levitin, M.D., Skvirsky, V., Vider, M., Lev-Ran, S. & Mikulincer, M., 'Exposure to online hate speech is positively associated with post-traumatic stress disorder symptom severity' (2025), Scientific Reports, 15(1), 29869
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Shodiya-Zeumault, S., DeBlaere, C., Aiello, M., Said, I.A. & Davis, D.E., 'Responses to the Unite the Right Rally: Perceptions, Stress, and the Moderating Role of Interpersonal Proximity' (2021), Race and Social Problems, 13(4), pp. 320-329
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Sibrian, N., Alfaro, A. & Núñez, J.C., 'Validation of an instrument on exposure of migrant communities to hate speech in the Chilean media ecosystem: preliminary results | Validación de instrumento sobre exposición de comunidades migrantes a discursos de odio en el ecosistema mediático chileno: resultados preliminares' (2024), Revista Latina de Comunicacion Social, 2024(82)
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Sims, G.M., Kia-Keating, M., Sanchez, A., Beylin, N., Evans, M. & Tran, M., 'Anti-Asian American Discrimination and COVID-19: Living with Fear' (2022), International Perspectives in Psychology: Research, Practice, Consultation, 11(3), pp. 206-213
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Singh, A., Dandona, A. & Sharma, V., 'Societal Refutation and Hate Crimes: Thematic Analysis of Exoticization and Victimization Experiences Among Young Trans People in India' (2022), Youth Voice Journal, 12
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Singh, A., Dandona, A., Sharma, V. & Zaidi, S.Z.H., 'Minority Stress in Emotion Suppression and Mental Distress Among Sexual and Gender Minorities: A Systematic Review' (2022), Annals of Neurosciences [online]
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Singh, D., 'Dalits’ encounters with casteism on social media: a thematic analysis' (2025), Information Communication and Society [online]
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Smith, J., 'Bystander experiences of online gendered hate' (2022), in A. Powell, A. Flynn & L. Sugiura (Eds.) The Palgrave Handbook of Gendered Violence and Technology (pp. 395-413), Cham: Palgrave Macmillan
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Soral, W., Świderska, A., Puchała, D. & Bilewicz, M., 'Desensitization to hate speech: Examination using heart rate measurement' (2023), Aggressive Behavior [online]
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Šramel, B. & Michal, S., 'From Liberty to Liability: EU Responses to the Abuse of Freedom of Expression Online' (2025), Social Sciences, 14(9), 557
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Stahel, L. & Baier, D., 'Digital Hate Speech Experiences Across Age Groups and Their Impact on Well-Being: A Nationally Representative Survey in Switzerland' (2023), Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 26(7), pp. 519–526
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Stefanelli, F., Menesini, E., Nocentini, A. & Palladino, B.E., 'Exposure to and Speaking Up Against Online Ethnic Hate Speech: The Role of Xenophobia in a Three-Wave Longitudinal Study' (2023), Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking [online]
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Ştefăniţă, O. & Buf, D.-M., 'Hate speech in social media and its effects on the LGBT community: A review of the current research' (2021), Romanian Journal of Communication and Public Relations, 23(1), pp. 47-55
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Stoll, N., Yalipende, Y., White, J., Lempp, H. & Hatch, S., '“How can I thrive in an institution that hates me?”: impact of racism and other stressful life experiences on black postgraduate students’ mental health' (2025), Race Ethnicity and Education [online]
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Storry, K., 'The implications of the Macpherson Report into the death of Stephen Lawrence' (2000), Current Issues in Criminal Justice, 12(1), pp.106-113
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Stotzer, R.L., 'Sexual orientation-based hate crimes on campus: The impact of policy on reporting rates' (2010), Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 7(3), pp.147-154
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Stotzer, R.L., 'Gender identity and hate crimes: Violence against transgender people in Los Angeles County' (2008), Sexuality Research and Social Policy: Journal of NSRC, 5(1), pp.43-52
Stotzer, R.L., 'Violence against transgender people: A review of United States data' (2009), Aggression and Violent Behavior, 14(3), pp.170-179
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Stroińska, M. & Cecchetto, V., 'Can There Be a ‘Safe Haven’ for Trauma Survivors in This Social Media Dominated World?' (2019), Trames, 23(2), pp. 223-238
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Su, D., Alshehri, K. & Lawson, B., 'Association of racism experience with gun purchase during COVID-19: Evidence from a national survey in the United States' (2024), Preventive Medicine Reports, 48, 102926
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Sullaway, M., 'Psychological perspectives on hate crime laws' (2004), Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 10(3), pp.250-292
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Sundberg, K.W., Mitchell, L.M. & Levinson, D., 'Health, Religiosity and Hatred: A Study of the Impacts of COVID-19 on World Jewry' (2022), Journal of Religion and Health [online]
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Syahputra, I., 'Expressions of Hatred and the Formation of Spiral of Anxiety on Social Media in Indonesia' (2019), SEARCH (Malaysia), 11(1), pp. 95-112
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Szymanski, D.M., 'Heterosexism and sexism as correlates of psychological distress in lesbians' (2005), Journal of Counseling & Development, 83(3), pp.355-360
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TaeHyuk Keum, B. & Hearns, M., 'Online Gaming and Racism: Impact on Psychological Distress Among Black, Asian, and Latinx Emerging Adults' (2021), Games and Culture [online]
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Tasmania Law Reform Institute, 'Racial vilification and racially motivated offences' (2011), Final Report No. 14 (April 2011)
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Thareja, R., 'Multimodal Sentiment Analysis of Social Media Content and Its Impact on Mental Wellbeing: An Investigation of Extreme Sentiments' (2024), ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, pp. 469–473
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Thomas, P., Kameche, B. & Urbain, W., 'Weight stigma: health impacts and ways out | Grossophobie médicale: impacts sur la santé et pistes pour s’en sortir' (2024), Revue Medicale de Bruxelles, 45(4), pp. 319–324
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Tiwari, S.P. & Fahrudin, A., 'Content moderation in the age of AI' (2025), Hershey, PA: IGI Global Scientific Publishing
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Tomsen, S., 'Crime, Violence and Masculinities: Research Paths and Understanding' (2024), London: Routledge
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Tong, S.T. & DeAndrea, D.C., 'The Effects of Observer Expectations on Judgments of Anti-Asian Hate Tweets and Online Activism Response' (2023), Social Media and Society, 9(1)
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Tsedendemberel, O., 'Shamed citizens: Exilic lived experiences of queer Mongolians' (2022), Intersections East European Journal of Society and Politics, 8(4), pp. 58-73
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Tucker, S., 'Hate crime and the city' (2010), Policing and Society, 20(1), pp.140-141
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Tucker, J.S., Ewing, B.A., Espelage, D.L., Green, H.D., de la Haye, K. & Pollard, M.S., 'Longitudinal associations of homophobic name-calling victimization with psychological distress and alcohol use during adolescence' (2015), Journal of Adolescent Health
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Ulbricht, B. & Rizk, J., 'How harmful information on social media impacts people affected by armed conflict: A typology of harms' (2024), International Review of the Red Cross, 106(926), pp. 823–862
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Umbreit, M. S., Lewis, T., & Burns, H., 'A community response to 9/11 hate crime: Restorative justice through dialogue' (2003), Contemporary Justice Review, 6(4), pp.383-391
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Umbreit, M.S., Coates, R.B., & Vos, B., 'The impact of victim-offender mediation: Two decades of research' (2001), Federal Probation, 65(3), pp.29-35
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Vaishnav, S. & Hassouneh, E., 'Marginalization Stress: Hate, Violence, and Microaggressions' (2024), in C. Stark, J.L. Tapia Jr, K. Rogalla & K. Bunch (Eds.) Professional’s Guide to Trauma-Informed Decision Making (pp. 123-142), Cham: Springer
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Valenzuela-García, N., Maldonado-Guzmán, D.J., García-Pérez, A. & Del-Real, C., 'Too Lucky to Be a Victim? An Exploratory Study of Online Harassment and Hate Messages Faced by Social Media Influencers' (2023), European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research [online]
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van Spanje, J. & Azrout, R., 'Prosecuting Politicians for Hate Speech and the Consequences for Democracy' (2025), Oxford: Oxford University Press
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Van Wyk, H., & Nel, J.A., 'The role of organized psychology in inspiring hope and preventing hate victimization: Recommendations from a South African hate and bias monitoring initiative' (2023), Journal of Hate Studies, 18(1), pp. 16–30
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Viehl, C., Ginicola, M.M., Ellis, A. & Charette, R.J., 'Understanding and Responding to Affectional and Transgender Prejudice and Victimization' (2022), in L.L. Levers (Ed.) Trauma Counseling: Theories and Interventions for Managing Trauma, Stress, Crisis, and Disaster: Second Edition (pp. 376-393), New York: Springer Publishing
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Vieira, L., Fraga, S., Rocha, M., Oliveira, M. & Meireles, P., 'Bias-Motivated Physical or Verbal Violence Among Men Who Have Sex with Men: Findings from the Lisbon Cohort of MSM' (2024), Sexuality Research and Social Policy [online]
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Visger, T.V., Lyons, A., Zhou, Y., Wardlaw, K., Park, E. & Chang, Y.-P., 'COVID-19–Related Racism and Mental Health Among Asian Americans: Integrative Review' (2025), Asian Pacific Island Nursing Journal, 9, e63769
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Wachs, S., Costello, M., Wright, M.F., Flora, K., Daskalou, V., Maziridou, E., Kwon, Y., Na, E.-Y., Sittichai, R., Biswal, R., Singh, R., Almendros, C., Gámez-Guadix, M., Gӧrzig, A. & Hong, J.S., '“Dnt Let ’Em h8 U!”: Applying the Routine Activity Framework to Understand Cyberhate Victimization Among Adolescents Across Eight Countries' (2021), Computers and Education, 160, 104026
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Wachs, S., Gámez-Guadix, M. & Wright, M.F., 'Online Hate Speech Victimization and Depressive Symptoms among Adolescents: The Protective Role of Resilience' (2022), Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 25(7), pp. 416-423
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Wagner, G.J., Bogart, L.M., Galvan, F.H., Banks, D. & Klein, D.J., 'Discrimination as a key mediator of the relationship between posttraumatic stress and HIV treatment adherence among African American men' (2012), Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 35(1), pp.8-18
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Walters, M.A., 'Hate crime and restorative justice: Exploring causes, repairing harms' (2014), Clarendon Studies in Criminology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Walters, M.A. & Hoyle, C., 'Exploring the everyday world of hate victimization through community mediation' (2012), International Review of Victimology, 18(1), pp.7-24
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