Publications: S
Soule, S.A. & Earl, J., 'The enactment of state-level hate crime law in the United States: Intrastate and interstate factors' (2001), Sociological Perspectives, 44(3), pp.281-305
View the publication online
Soule, S.A. & Van Dyke, N., 'Black Church Arson in the United States, 1989-1996' (1999), Ethnic and Racial Studies, 22(4), pp.724-742
View the publication online
Southern Poverty Law Center [SPLC], 'Ten ways to fight hate: A community resource guide' (2017)
View the publication online
Soyer, F., 'Faith, culture and fear: Comparing Islamophobia in early modern Spain and twenty-first-century Europe' (2014), Ethnic and Racial Studies, 36(3), pp.399-416
View the publication online
Spada, I., Lai, M. & Patti, V., 'Inters8: A Corpus to Study Misogyny and Intersectionality on Twitter' (2023), Proceedings of the 9th Italian Conference on Computational Linguistics (CLiC-it 2023)
View the publication online
Spade, D. & Shame, G., 'It Is Easier to Hate Gay Shame than to Hate a Murderous World' (2024), Transgender Studies Quarterly, 11(1), pp. 16–33
View the publication online
Spaid, S., 'On deterring hate speech, while maximizing security and privacy' (2024), in S. Caballé, J. Casas-Roma & J. Conesa (Eds.) Ethics in Online Ai-Based Systems: Risks and Opportunities in Current Technological Trends (pp. 365–381), Cambridge, MA: Academic Press
View the publication online
Spalek, B., 'Communities, identities and crime' (2008), Bristol: The Policy Press.
Spalek, B., 'Hate crimes against British Muslims in the aftermath of September 11th' (2002), Criminal Justice Matters, 48(1), pp.20-21
View the publication online
Spencer, K.B., Charbonneau, A.K. & Glaser, J., 'Implicit bias and policing' (2015), Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 10(1), pp.50-63
View the publication online
Spieldenner, A.R. & Glenn, C.L., 'Scripting hate crimes: Victim, space and perpetrator defining hate' (2014), Continuum, 28(1), pp.123-135
View the publication online
Spinde, T., Richter, E., Wessel, M., Kulshrestha, J. & Donnay, K., 'What do Twitter comments tell about news article bias? Assessing the impact of news article bias on its perception on Twitter' (2023), Online Social Networks and Media, 37-38, 100264
View the publication online
Spizzirri, G., Eufrásio, R.Á., Abdo, C.H.N. & Lima, M.C.P., 'Proportion of ALGBT adult Brazilians, sociodemographic characteristics, and self-reported violence' (2022), Scientific Reports, 12(1), 11176
View the publication online
Spohn, C., 'Race, crime, and punishment in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries' (2015), Crime and Justice, 44(1), pp.49-97
View the publication online
Sponholz, L., 'Hate Speech in den Massenmedien: Theoretische Grundlagen und empirische Umsetzung' (2018), Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften
View the publication online
Sponholz, L., 'Hate Speech in Sozialen Medien: Motor der Eskalation?' (2019), in H. Friese, M. Nolden & M. Schreiter (Eds.), Rassismus im Alltag (pp. 157-178). Bielefeld: transcript Verlag (in German only)
View the publication online
Sponholz, L., 'Der Begriff „Hate Speech“ in der Deutschsprachigen Forschung. Eine Empirische Begriffsanalyse [The Concept “Hate Speech” in German-speaking Research. An Empirical Conceptual Analysis]' (2020), SWS-Rundschau 1, pp. 45-63 [in German only]
View the publication online
Sponholz, L., & Christofoletti, R., 'From preachers to comedians: Ideal types of hate speakers in Brazil' (2019), Global Media and Communication, 15(1), pp. 67–84
View the publication online
Sreelakshmi, K., Premjith, B. & Soman, K.P., 'Detection of Hate Speech Text in Hindi-English Code-mixed Data' (2020), Procedia Computer Science, 171, pp. 737-744
View the publication online
Sreelakshmi, K., Premjith, B., Chakravarthi, B.R. & Soman, K.P., 'Detection of Hate Speech and Offensive Language CodeMix Text in Dravidian Languages using Cost-Sensitive Learning Approach' (2024), IEEE Access [online]
View the publication online
Sreelakshmi, K., Premjith, B., Gopalakrishnan, E.A. & Soman, K.P., 'Study of Markov Chains for the Identification of the Hate Contents in Hinglish' (2022), Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 446, pp. 215-224
View the publication online
Srikissoon, T. & Marivate, V., 'Combating Hate: How Multilingual Transformers Can Help Detect Topical Hate Speech' (2023), EPiC Series in Computing, 93, pp. 203-215
View the publication online
Srinivas, P.Y.K.L, Das, A. & Pulabaigari, V., 'Racists spreader is narcissistic; sexists is Machiavellian Influence of Psycho-Sociological Facets in hate-speech diffusion prediction' (2024), Expert Systems with Applications, 247, 123211
View the publication online
Sriram, S., Chandran, P.P. & Shrijith, M.R., 'PoSh at SemEval-2023 Task 10: Explainable Detection of Online Sexism' (2023), 17th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation, SemEval 2023 - Proceedings of the Workshop, pp. 1276–1281
View the publication online
Stacey, M., 'The effect of law on hate crime reporting: The case of racial and ethnic violence' (2015), American Journal of Criminal Justice
View the publication online
Stacey, M., 'Adapting minority group threat to examine the social control of sexual orientation bias' (2018), Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 33(20), pp.3079-3101
View the publication online
Stacey, M., 'Distinctive characteristics of sexual orientation bias crimes' (2011), Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 26(15), pp.3013-3032
View the publication online
Stacey, M., Averett, P., & Knox, B,, 'An Exploration of Victimization in the Older Lesbian Population' (2018), Victims and Offenders 13(5), pp. 693-710
View the publication online
Stacey, M., Carbone-Lopez, K. & Rosenfeld, R., 'Demographic change and ethnically motivated crime: The impact of immigration on anti-Hispanic hate crime in the United States' (2011), Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 27(3), pp.278-298
View the publication online
Stachowski, C. & Stephenson, R., 'Homophobia and communal coping for HIV risk management among gay men in relationships' (2015), Archives of Sexual Behaviour, 44(2), pp.467-474
View the publication online
Staetsky, L.D., 'Antisemitism in contemporary Great Britain: A study of attitudes towards Jews and Israel' (2017), Institute for Jewish Policy Research (JPR)
View the publication online
Staetsky, L.D. & Boyd, J., 'The exceptional case? Perceptions and experiences of Antisemitism among Jews in the United Kingdom' (2014), Institute for Jewish Policy Research.
View the publication online
Stahel, L. & Baier, D., 'Digital Hate Speech Experiences Across Age Groups and Their Impact on Well-Being: A Nationally Representative Survey in Switzerland' (2023), Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 26(7), pp. 519–526
View the publication online
Stajnko, J., Siter, D. & Tomažič, L.M., 'Discrimination, freedom of expression and two concepts of liberty: Assessing European legislation criminalizing hate speech' (2024), Hungarian Journal of Legal Studies, 64(2), pp. 288–307
View the publication online
Standen, E.C., Ward, A. & Mann, T., 'The role of social norms, intergroup contact, and ingroup favoritism in weight stigma' (2024), PLoS ONE, 19(6 June), e0305080
View the publication online
Standing Committee on Employment, Education and Training, Parliament of Australia – House of Representatives, 'Sticks and stones: Report on violence in Australian schools' (1994)
Standing Committee on Social Issues, Parliament of New South Wales – Legislative Council, 'The nature and extent of school violence' (1995), A Report into Youth Violence in New South Wales (1995), 65
Stanislas, P., 'Policing violent homophobia in the Caribbean and the British Caribbean diaspora: Postcolonial discourses and the limits of postmodernity' (2014), Interventions, 16(1), pp.135-156
View the publication online
Stanko, E.A., 'Re-conceptualising the policing of hatred: Confessions and worrying dilemmas of a consultant' (2001), Law and Critique, 12(3), pp.309-329
View the publication online
Stanton-Ife, J., 'Criminalising conduct with special reference to potential offences of stirring up hatred against disabled or transgender persons' (2013), London: Law Commission.
View the publication online
Staubli, S. & Kivivuori, J., 'Youth crime victimization and religion: Observations from Finland and Switzerland' (2017), Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention, pp. 1-10
View the publication online
Stavros, S., 'The European Commission’s against racism and intolerance new general policy recommendation on combating hate speech' (2017), in J.-P. Jacque, F. Benoit-Rohmer, P. Grigoriou and M.D. Marouda (Eds.), On the international community: Legal, political, diplomatic issues, Liber Amicorum Stelios Perrakis (pp.413-420), I.Sideris
Stechemesser, A., Levermann, A. & Wenz, L., 'Temperature impacts on hate speech online: evidence from 4 billion geolocated tweets from the USA' (2022), The Lancet Planetary Health, 6(9), pp. e714-e725
View the publication online
Stechemesser, A., Wenz, L. & Levermann, A., 'Corona Crisis Fuels Racially Profiled Hate in Social Media Networks' (2020), EClinicalMedicine, 100372 [online]
View the publication online
Stechemesser, A., Wenz, L., Kotz, M. & Levermann, A., 'Strong increase of racist tweets outside of climate comfort zone in Europe' (2021), Environmental Research Letters, 16(11), 114001
View the publication online
Steen, S. & Cohen, M.A., 'Assessing the public’s demand for hate crime penalties' (2004), Justice Quarterly, 21(1), pp.91-124
View the publication online
Stefanelli, F., Menesini, E., Nocentini, A. & Palladino, B.E., 'Exposure to and Speaking Up Against Online Ethnic Hate Speech: The Role of Xenophobia in a Three-Wave Longitudinal Study' (2023), Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking [online]
View the publication online
Stefaniak, A. & Winiewski, M., 'Differentiating Between Direct and Indirect Hate Crime: Results From Poland' (2022), Journal of Social and Political Psychology, 10(1), pp. 86-105
View the publication online
Stefanou-Haag, E., 'Antiracism: From legislation to education' (1994), Australian Journal of Human Rights, 1(1), pp.185-197
View the publication online
Steflja, I., 'Professional Women as Perpetrators: A Conversation with Valérie, “Rwanda’s Voice of Death”' (2024), Journal of Genocide Research [online]
View the publication online