Publications: Criminal justice responses to hate crime
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Snowball, L. & Weatherburn, D., 'Does racial bias in sentencing contribute to Indigenous overrepresentation in prison? ' (2007), Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 40(3), pp.272-290
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Solhjell, R., 'How acts become hate crime: The police’s documenting of criminal cases' (2023), International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, 72, 100574
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Solhjell, R. & Klatran, H.K., 'The Politics of Policing Hate: Boundary Work, Social Inequalities, and Legitimacy' (2023), Social and Legal Studies [online]
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Solomon, T., 'Problems in drafting legislation against racist activities' (1994), Australian Journal of Human Rights, 1(1), pp.265-298
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Sosa, L., 'Now You See Me? The Visibility of Trans and Travesti Experiences in Criminal Procedures' (2020), Politics and Governance, 8(3), pp. 266-277
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Spalek, B., 'Communities, identities and crime' (2008), Bristol: The Policy Press.
Spencer, K.B., Charbonneau, A.K. & Glaser, J., 'Implicit bias and policing' (2015), Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 10(1), pp.50-63
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Spieldenner, A.R. & Glenn, C.L., 'Scripting hate crimes: Victim, space and perpetrator defining hate' (2014), Continuum, 28(1), pp.123-135
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Spohn, C., 'Race, crime, and punishment in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries' (2015), Crime and Justice, 44(1), pp.49-97
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Stanislas, P., 'Policing violent homophobia in the Caribbean and the British Caribbean diaspora: Postcolonial discourses and the limits of postmodernity' (2014), Interventions, 16(1), pp.135-156
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Stanko, E.A., 'Re-conceptualising the policing of hatred: Confessions and worrying dilemmas of a consultant' (2001), Law and Critique, 12(3), pp.309-329
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Stanton-Ife, J., 'Criminalising conduct with special reference to potential offences of stirring up hatred against disabled or transgender persons' (2013), London: Law Commission.
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Steen, S. & Cohen, M.A., 'Assessing the public’s demand for hate crime penalties' (2004), Justice Quarterly, 21(1), pp.91-124
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Stefanou-Haag, E., 'Antiracism: From legislation to education' (1994), Australian Journal of Human Rights, 1(1), pp.185-197
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Storry, K., 'The implications of the Macpherson Report into the death of Stephen Lawrence' (2000), Current Issues in Criminal Justice, 12(1), pp.106-113
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Stotzer, R.L., 'Violence against transgender people: A review of United States data' (2009), Aggression and Violent Behavior, 14(3), pp.170-179
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Strobl, R., Klemm, J. & Wurtz, S., 'Preventing hate crimes: Experiences from two East-German towns' (2005), British Journal of Criminology, 45(5), pp.634-646
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Strobl, S., Phillips, N., Banutai, E. & Reynolds, D., 'Film-making and police-minority relations: Slovenian police and Roma in Shanghai Gypsy' (2015), International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy, 4(4), pp.22-39
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Sweeney, C., 'Equality, Diversity and Inclusion within Ireland’s Police Service, An Garda Síochána: Bridging the Gap between Commitments and Reality' (2024), Journal of Human Rights Practice, 16(3), pp. 886–914
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Sweeney, M.M., Chenane, J.L. & Perliger, A., 'The role of demographic diversification of the police force in curbing hate crimes: Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses' (2021), Police Practice and Research [online]
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Szabó, M., 'Sanchez v. France: Necessary Protection or Erosion of Freedom of Expression on the Networks? | Sanchez proti Francii: nezbytná ochrana, nebo eroze svobody projevu na sítích?' (2024), Pravnik, 163(10), pp. 1080–1099
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Takach, R., 'Gay and lesbian inequality: The anti-vilification measures' (1994), Australasian Gay and Lesbian Law Journal, 4, 30
Taylor, P., Corteen, K., Ogden, C., & Morley, S., '‘Standing’ by: disability hate crime and the police in England' (2012), Criminal Justice Matters, 87(1), pp.46-47
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Teruel Lozano, G.M., 'The Spanish Constitutional Court’s case law on speech crimes that punish extreme speeches: Comment on Judgment n. 35/2020, February 25 and beyond' (2021), Teoria y Realidad Constitucional, (47), pp. 411-436
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The Association of Chief Police Officers and Crown Prosecution Service, 'Joint disability hate crime data review' (2014)
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Thompson, S., 'Hate crimes against gays and lesbians: The New South Wales police response' (1997), in Mason, G. & Tomsen, S. (eds.) Homophobic Violence. Australia: Hawkins Press.
Tiby, E., 'Constructions of Homophobic hate crimes: Definitions, decisions, data' (2007), Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention, 8(2), pp.114-137
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Tiby, E., 'Constructions of homophobic hate crimes: Definitions, decisions, data' (2007), Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention, 8(2), pp.114-137
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Tomsen, S., 'Hatred, murder and male honour: Gay homicides and the “homosexual panic defence”' (1994), Criminology Australia, 6(2), 2
Tomsen, S., 'Crime, Violence and Masculinities: Research Paths and Understanding' (2024), London: Routledge
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Tomsen, S. & Kirchengast, T., 'Victimhood, Truth and Criminal Justice Failure in Relation to Anti-Homosexual Violence and Killings in New South Wales' (2019), Current Issues in Criminal Justice, 31(2), pp. 181-193
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Tomsen, S. & Kirchengast, T., 'The Scott Johnson Case: Prosecuting anti-homosexual violence in New South Wales' (2023), Alternative Law Journal [online]
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Treļs, Ē. & Mihailovs, I.J., 'Hate crimes as a cultural phenomenon: The experience of Latvian society' (2024), Culture Crossroads, 25, pp. 70–84
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Trickett, L. & Bryan, T., 'Aligning police practice with hate crime theory: The case for using risk assessments to improve police response to victims of hate' (2024), International Review of Victimology [online]
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Trickett, L. & Hamilton, P., 'The policing of hate crime in Nottinghamshire' (2014)
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Tsesis, A., 'Contextualizing bias crimes: A social and theoretical perspective' (2003), Law & Social Inquiry, 28, pp.315-340
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Tunney, E., 'Misogyny and marginalization in criminal justice systems: Women’s experiences in two post-conflict societies' (2014), Journal of Hate Studies, 12(1), pp. 153-176
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Turner, H.A., Jones, L.M., Mitchell, K.J. & Brown, A., 'Variations in Hate Crime Cases by Bias Motivation Type: Findings From the National Hate Crime Investigation Study (NHCIS)' (2023), Crime and Delinquency [online]
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Twomey, A., 'Laws against incitement to racial hatred in the United Kingdom' (1994), Australian Journal of Human Rights, 1(1), pp.235-248
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Tyson, J., 'Stressors or facilitators? Exploring the factors that impact police officers’ abilities to respond to disablist hate crime' (2022), Policing [online]
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Umbreit, M. S., Lewis, T., & Burns, H., 'A community response to 9/11 hate crime: Restorative justice through dialogue' (2003), Contemporary Justice Review, 6(4), pp.383-391
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Umbreit, M.S., Coates, R.B., & Vos, B., 'The impact of victim-offender mediation: Two decades of research' (2001), Federal Probation, 65(3), pp.29-35
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Uszkiewicz, E., 'Anomalies in the application of law related to hate crimes' (2022), Hungarian Journal of Legal Studies [online]
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Valier, C., 'Punishment as a hate crime' (2002), Criminal Justice Matters, 48(1), pp.30-31
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Vallini, A., 'Criminalizing Hate Speech to Avert Collective Violence? Working Hypotheses About the Offence of “Racist Propaganda” | [Criminalizzare L’Hate Speech per Scongiurare la Collective Violence? Ipotesi di Lavoro Intorno al Reato di “Propaganda Razzista”]' (2020), Studi sulla Questione Criminale, 15(1), pp. 33-64
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Vera Institute of Justice, 'Bias crime assessment: A tool and guidelines for law enforcement and concerned communities' (2018), National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice
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Victor, C., 'Anti-hate policy: All talk, no action' (2002), Criminal Justice Matters, 48(1), pp.36-37
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Victorian Sentencing Advisory Council, 'Sentencing for offences motivated by hatred or prejudice' (2009)
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Vollaard, B. & Hamed, J., 'Why the police have an effect on violent crime after all: Evidence from the British Crime Survey' (2012), Journal of Law and Economics, 55(4), pp.901-924
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Walach, V., Divišová, V., Kalibová, K. & Kupka, P., 'Life cycle of a hate crime – Country report for Czech Republic' (2017), Prague: In IUSTITIA, o.p.s.
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