Publications: Cyber hate (online hate crime)
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Omar, M. & Mohaisen, D., 'Making Adversarially-Trained Language Models Forget with Model Retraining: A Case Study on Hate Speech Detection' (2022), WWW 2022 - Companion Proceedings of the Web Conference 2022, pp. 887-893
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Ombui, E., Karani, M. & Muchemi, L., 'Annotation Framework for Hate Speech Identification in Tweets: Case Study of Tweets During Kenyan Elections' (2019), 2019 IST-Africa Week Conference [online]
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Ombui, E., Muchemi, L. & Wagacha, P., 'Hate Speech Detection in Code-switched Text Messages' (2019), 3rd International Symposium on Multidisciplinary Studies and Innovative Technologies, ISMSIT 2019 – Proceedings, 8932845
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Ombui, E., Muchemi, L., Wagacha, P., Gichamba, A. & Karani, M., 'Leveraging Hierarchical Features for Hate Speech Identification in Short Message Texts' (2019), IEEE AFRICON Conference, 2019-September, 9133781
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Omidosu, J. & Kyobe, M., 'View No Evil And Listen To No Evil: The Need For Harm Metrics To Evaluate Online Hate On Multimedia Communication Channels' (2024), Proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Advanced Video and Signal-Based Surveillance, AVSS, 2024
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Omidosu, J. & Kyobe, M., 'Towards a harm-based framework to evaluate Cyberhate' (2021), 2021 Conference on Information Communications Technology and Society, ICTAS 2021 – Proceedings, 9395008, pp. 16-20
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Omran, E., Al Tararwah, E. & Al Qundus, J., 'A comparative analysis of machine learning algorithms for hate speech detection in social media' (2023), Online Journal of Communication and Media Technologies, 13(4), e202348
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Ong, K.Y. & Cheong, D.D. (Eds.), 'Violent Extremism: What Was Learnt, Where We Are, and What’s Next' (2025), Singapore: World Scientific
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Ong, L.E.C. & De Leon, M.M., 'Developing BERT-based ensemble for Filipino text classification' (2025), NLPIR 2024 2024 8th International Conference on Natural Language Processing and Information Retrieval, pp. 41–47
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Orgeret, K.S., Mutsvairo, B., de Bruijn, M., Schroeder, D.T., Badji, S.D. & Moges, M.A., 'Hashtags, Hatetags and social media campaigns in Ethiopia’s Tigray conflict' (2025), Information Communication and Society [online]
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Oriola, O. & Kotzé, E., 'Exploring Neural Embeddings and Transformers for Isolation of Offensive and Hate Speech in South African Social Media Space' (2022), Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), 13375 LNCS, pp. 649-661
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Oriola, O. & Kotze, E., 'Evaluating Machine Learning Techniques for Detecting Offensive and Hate Speech in South African Tweets' (2020), IEEE Access, 8, pp. 21496-21509
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Oroh, A.J., Bandung, Y. & Zagi, L.M., 'Detection of the Key Actor of Issues Spreading Based on Social Network Analysis in Twitter Social Media' (2021), Proceedings - 2021 IEEE Asia Pacific Conference on Wireless and Mobile, APWiMob 2021, 9435268, pp. 206-212
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Oroh, J.A.P., Setiawan, D.A., Lucky, H. & Suhartono, D., 'Comparing Hate Speech Detection Machine Learning Models Trained on Authentic and Translated Indonesian Data' (2024), 2024 14th International Conference on System Engineering and Technology, ICSET 2024 - Proceeding, pp. 90–95
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Ortega Fernández, E., 'The Manosphere and its evolution in sociopolitical dynamics: a systematic review of academic publications (2018-2023) | La Manosfera y su evolución en la dinámica sociopolítica: una revisión sistemática de publicaciones académicas (2018-2023)' (2025), European Public and Social Innovation Review, 10
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Ortega-Sánchez, D., Blanch, J.P., Quintana, J.I., de la Cal, E.S. & de la Fuente-Anuncibay, R., 'Hate speech, emotions and gender identities: A study of social narratives on Twitter with trainee teachers' (2021), International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(8), 4055
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Ortiz, S.M., 'Call-In, Call-Out, Care, and Cool Rationality: How Young Adults Respond to Racism and Sexism Online' (2023), Social Problems, 70(3), pp. 665–681
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Oskolkov, P., '‘Let Them Hate, As Long As They Fear’: The Russian NS/WP Movement on Telegram' (2024), Europe-Asia Studies [online]
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Oso, L., Soremekun, O. & Jimoh, J., 'The future we want: Countering fake news and hate speech in the democratic process in Nigeria' (2022), in S. Folarin, E. Akinlabi & A. Ateyero (Eds.) The United Nations and Sustainable Development Goals (pp. 59-73), Cham: Palgrave Macmillan
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Otero, P.V., 'Platform governance and social justice: Governing hate speech on social media' (2024), Leeds, UK: Emerald Publishing
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Otman, M., El Younoussi, Y. & Rtayli, N., 'Detection of offensive language in the Moroccan dialect using BERT-based models' (2025), International Journal of Advanced Technology and Engineering Exploration, 12(128), pp. 1075–1085
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Otu, O.A., Nwangwu, C., Mbah, P.O., Ezugworie, C., Nwokedi, M. & Nnadi, S.O., 'Elections, Hate Speech and National Integration in Nigeria' (2022), African Renaissance, 19(1), pp. 197-223
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Ou, X. & Li, H., 'YNU OXZ @ HaSpeeDe 2 and AMI: XLM-RoBERTa with ordered neurons LSTM for classification task at EVALITA 2020’' (2020), CEUR Workshop Proceedings, 2765
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Overå, S. & Talberg, N., 'Not passive victims: A qualitative study of gendered understandings, experiences, and coping strategies of toxicity among Norwegian Esports students' (2025), Performance Enhancement and Health, 13(4), 100363
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Ozalp, S., Williams, M.L., Burnap, P., Liu, H. & Mostafa, M., 'Antisemitism on Twitter: Collective Efficacy and the Role of Community Organisations in Challenging Online Hate Speech' (2020), Social Media and Society, 6(2)
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Ozduzen, O., Korkut, U. & Ozduzen, C., '‘Refugees Are Not Welcome’: Digital Racism, Online Place-Making and the Evolving Categorization of Syrians in Turkey' (2020), New Media and Society [online]
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Özgen, K. & Rada, L., 'Insult Detection in the Turkish Language Through Different Machine Learning Algorithms | Insult Detection in the Turkish Language Through' (2023), 31st IEEE Conference on Signal Processing and Communications Applications, SIU 2023
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Özkula, S.M., Prieto-Blanco, P., Tan, X. & Mdege, N., 'Affordances and platformed visual misogyny: a call for feminist approaches in visual methods' (2024), Feminist Media Studies [online]
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O’Donnell, D., 'Regulating the Internet to Deregulate Gender Variance' (2025), California Law Review, 113(3), pp. 851–920
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Paasch-Colberg, S. & Strippel, C., '“The Boundaries are Blurry…”: How Comment Moderators in Germany See and Respond to Hate Comments' (2021), Journalism Studies [online]
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Paasch-Colberg, S., Strippel, C., Trebbe, J. & Emmer, M., 'From insult to hate speech: Mapping offensive language in German user comments on immigration' (2021), Media and Communication, 9(1), pp. 171-180
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Pabian, S., 'Bystanders’ Perceptions on Online Hate Speech: Investigating the Effects of Perpetrators’ Justifications and the Bystander’s Role on Bystanders’ Attitude and Prosocial Intervention Intentions' (2025), Cyberpsychology, 19(4), 6
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Pacheco, E. & Melhuish, 'Online hate speech: A survey on personal experiences and exposure among adult New Zealanders' (2018), Available at SSRN
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Pacheco, E. & Melhuish, N., 'Measuring Trends in Online Hate Speech Victimisation and Exposure, and Attitudes in New Zealand' (2019), Netsafe, New Zealand [online]
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Paci, D., 'Public Historians, Social Media, and Hate Speech: The French Case' (2022), in A. Schwan & T. Thomson (Eds.) The Palgrave Handbook of Digital and Public Humanities (pp. 481-499), Cham: Palgrave Macmillan
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Padovani, C., 'Social Media, the Ultra-Right, and Freedom of Speech: A Case Study of CasaPound Italia and Facebook' (2024), International Journal of Communication, 18, pp. 5026–5045
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Padyab, M., Padyab, A., Rostami, A. & Ghazinour, M., 'Cybercrime in Nordic countries: a scoping review on demographic, socioeconomic, and technological determinants' (2024), SN Social Sciences, 4(11), 205
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Paes, A. & Verri, F.A.N. (Eds.), 'Proceedings – 34th Brazilian Conference on Intelligent Systems, BRACIS 2024 (Part 1)' (2025), Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), 15412 LNAI
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Page, S., Mangalvedhekar, S., Deshpande, K., Chavan, T. & Sonawane, S., 'Mavericks at BLP-2023 Task 1: Ensemble-based Approach Using Language Models for Violence Inciting Text Detection' (2023), BLP 2023 - 1st Workshop on Bangla Language Processing, Proceedings of the Workshop, pp. 230–235
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Pahuja, V., Neema, S. & Dubey, R., 'Securing Social Spaces: Cyberbullying Detection with ML and DL on Social Media Platforms' (2023), International Conference on Sustainable Communication Networks and Application, ICSCNA 2023 - Proceedings, pp. 1471–1476
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Pahujani, R., Bhuyan, S., Rai, S. & Kaliyar, R.K., 'Abusive Content Detection using Deep Learning: A BERT-Based Approach' (2024), Proceedings - 2024 IEEE 16th International Conference on Communication Systems and Network Technologies, CICN 2024, pp. 178–182
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Pakkala-Weckström, M., 'When your neighbor becomes a threat How COVID-19 divided a community in online discussions' (2023), Internet Pragmatics, 6(2), pp. 219–238
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Pal, D., Chaudhari, K. & Sharma, H., 'Combating high variance in Data-Scarce Implicit Hate Speech Classification' (2022), IEEE Region 10 Annual International Conference, Proceedings/TENCON, 2022-November
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Pal, V.B. & Pushparaj Shetty, D., 'Integrating Link Prediction and Comment Analysis for Enhanced Cyberbullying Detection in Online Social Interactions' (2024), Proceedings of CONECCT 2024 - 10th IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Computing and Communication Technologies
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Palakodety, S., Khudabukhsh, A.R. & Carbonell, J.G., 'The Refugee Experience Online: Surfacing Positivity Amidst Hate' (2020), Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications, 325, pp. 2925-2926
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Palanivinayagam, A., El-Bayeh, C.Z. & Damaševičius, R., 'Twenty Years of Machine-Learning-Based Text Classification: A Systematic Review' (2023), Algorithms, 16(5), 236
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Palazón-Fernández, J.L., Mata-Perez, C., Gilart, E., Costobal Calvo, E.M., Cruz-Barrientos, A. & Bocchino, A., 'Identifying Hate Speech and Attribution of Responsibility: An Analysis of Simulated WhatsApp Conversations during the Pandemic' (2023), Healthcare (Switzerland), 11(11), 1564
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Palella Stracuzzi, S. & Sánchez Esparza, M., 'Xenophobia on social media: Analysing hate speech messaging on the X platform' (2025), VISUAL Review. International Visual Culture Review / Revista Internacional de Cultura, 17(2), pp. 281–297
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Palmirani, M., Catizone, C., Venditti, G. & Sapienza, S., 'Multilevel Hate Speech Classification Based on Multilingual Case-Law' (2023), Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications, 379, pp. 317–322
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Pamungkas, E.W. & Chiril, P., 'Ngalawan Ujaran Sengit: hate speech detection in Indonesian code-mixed social media data' (2025), Language Resources and Evaluation, e0237861
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