Publications: Cyber hate (online hate crime)
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Rahi, A.M., Bashir, M.B., Rusho, M.A. & Jahan, M.K., 'Fine-Tuning LLaMA-3.2-3BIT on Bengali Hate Speech Dataset for Sentiment Classification' (2025), 2025 IEEE 1st Secure and Trustworthy Cyberinfrastructure for IoT and Microelectronics, SATC 2025 Conference Proceedings
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Rahman, N.A.A., '“Is technology making you prejudiced?”: How technology is enabling hate IRL' (2021), in M. Khader, W. Xiau Ting Chai & L. S. Neo (Eds.) Introduction To Cyber Forensic Psychology: Understanding The Mind Of The Cyber Deviant Perpetrators (pp. 113-132), Singapore: World Scientific Publishing
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Rahman, H., Putra, Y.H., Syarif, H., Delenia, E., Findawati, Y. & Purwitasari, D., 'Dangerous Speech in Indonesian Twitter Posts: A Literature Review' (2024), Proceeding - 2024 International Conference on Information Technology Research and Innovation, ICITRI 2024, pp. 269–274
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Rahman, M. & Ahmed, F., 'Multilingual Hate Speech Detection: A Deep Learning Approach' (2025), 2025 IEEE International Conference on Quantum Photonics Artificial Intelligence and Networking, QPAIN 2025
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Rahul, Gupta, V., Sehra, V. & Vardhan, Y.R., 'Hindi-English Code Mixed Hate Speech Detection using Character Level Embeddings' (2021), Proceedings - 5th International Conference on Computing Methodologies and Communication, ICCMC 2021, 9418261, pp. 1112-1118
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Rahul, Gupta, V., Sehra, V. & Vardhan, Y.R., 'Ensemble based Hinglish hate speech detection' (2021), Proceedings - 5th International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Control Systems, ICICCS 2021, 9432352, pp. 1800-1806
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Raj, C., Agarwal, A., Bharathy, G., Narayan, B. & Prasad, M., 'Cyberbullying detection: Hybrid models based on machine learning and natural language processing techniques' (2021), Electronics (Switzerland), 10(22), 2810
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Raj, V.S., Priyadharshini, R., Rajiakodi, S. & Chakravarthi, B.R., 'Bayesian Q-learning in multi-objective reward model for homophobic and transphobic text classification in low-resource languages: A hypothesis testing framework in multi-objective setting' (2025), Natural Language Processing Journal, 11, 100152
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Raj, V.S., Subalalitha, C.N., Sambath, L., Glavin, F. & Chakravarthi, B.R., 'ConBERT-RL: A policy-driven deep reinforcement learning based approach for detecting homophobia and transphobia in low-resource languages' (2024), Natural Language Processing Journal, 6, 100040
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Rajaei, A., Hanna, C. & Fadaee Jonaghani, S., 'Taught to Hate, Longing to Belong: Misogyny and the Making of Masculinity in Adolescence' (2025), Family Journal, 10664807251384179
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Rajak, N., Phulre, A.K., Chandra Patel, S., Patel, N.D. & Khekare, G., 'Automated Detection of Hate Speech in Hindi using Supervised Learning Models' (2024), International Conference on Distributed Systems, Computer Networks and Cybersecurity, ICDSCNC 2024
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Rajak, S. & Baruah, U., 'A comprehensive Hindi hostile post detection dataset: Aannotated resource for fine-grained hostility analysis on Twitter posts in the Hindi language' (2025), Expert Systems with Applications, 289, 128191
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Rajak, S. & Baruah, U., 'Hybrid transformer-convolution neural network architecture for emoji-aware hostile post classification with custom attention mechanisms' (2025), Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, 156, 111037
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Rajak, S., Purkayastha, M., Deb, A. & Baruah, U., 'An Ensemble Approach to Hostility Detection in Hindi Tweets’' (2023), IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology, 670, pp. 143–152
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Rajalakshmi, R., Karmarkar, O.P. & Mallik, B., 'Multilingual Content Moderation: Advanced Hate Speech Detection with XLM-RoBERTa' (2026), Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 1539 LNNS, pp. 73–82
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Rajalakshmi, R., Selvaraj, S., Faerie Mattins, R., Vasudevan, P. & Anand Kumar, M., 'HOTTEST: Hate and Offensive content identification in Tamil using Transformers and Enhanced Stemming' (2023), Computer Speech and Language, 78, 101464
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Rajan, B. & Venkatraman, S., 'Insta-hate: An exploration of islamophobia and right-wing nationalism on Instagram amidst the COVID-19 pandemic in India' (2021), Journal of Arab and Muslim Media Research, 14(1), pp. 71-91
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Rajani, C.H., Srinadh, T., Chand, K.V., Kumar, B.A., Sreenivasu, S.V.N. & Venkatareddy, D., 'Harnessing RNN for Enhanced Hate Speech Detection in Social Media' (2024), 2nd IEEE International Conference on Integrated Intelligence and Communication Systems, ICIICS 2024
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Rajapaksha, D.A., Ahangama, S., Dushanthi, M.D. & Madhurangi, K.D.G.I., 'Analyzing Trends and Topics of Sinhala Hate Speech on Twitter: A Time Series Approach' (2023), 2023 IEEE 17th International Conference on Industrial and Information Systems, ICIIS 2023 - Proceedings, pp. 67–72
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Rajapaksha, N., Ahangama, S. & Adikari, S., 'Fine-tuning XLM-R for the Detection of Sinhala Hate Speech Content on Twitter and Youtube' (2023), ICARC 2023 - 3rd International Conference on Advanced Research in Computing: Digital Transformation for Sustainable Development, pp. 19–23
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Rajavikram, G. & Nemuragomula, M., 'Deep Learning Based Fusion Strategies for Hate Speech Detection to Combine the Classifiers to Improve Classification Performance' (2023), AIP Conference Proceedings, 2754(1), 020020
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Rajendran, M., Ramaswamy, K., Sekar, R., Kumar, V., Varadharajan, V., Pallaiyah, S. & Govindaraj, J., 'Systematic detection and analysis of hate speech in social networking' (2024), AIP Conference Proceedings, 3042(1), 020042
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Rajput, G., Punn, N.S., Sonbhadra, S.K. & Agarwal, S., 'Hate Speech Detection Using Static BERT Embeddings' (2021), Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), 13147 LNCS, pp. 67-77
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Rakhil, M.L., Sirohi, A., Sriviswa, R. & Sachin Kumar, S., 'Hate Speech Detection in Telugu Language Using Transformer Models and Machine Learning' (2024), Proceedings of 2024 2nd International Conference on Recent Trends in Microelectronics, Automation, Computing, and Communications Systems: Exploration and Blend of Emerging Technologies for Future Innovation, ICMACC 2024, pp. 334–339
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Ralev, R. & Pfeffer, J., 'Hate Speech Classification in Bulgarian' (2022), Proceedings of the International Conference Computational Linguistics in Bulgaria, pp. 49-58
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Ralph, L., Robinson, P. & Aitken, A., 'Policing, social media, and riots: user responses to the police during the 2024 UK summer protests and riots' (2025), Policing and Society [online]
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Ram, N.R., Gautum, S., Jadeja, A., Joisar, H. & Rathore, N., 'Social Media Sentiment Analysis Using Twitter Dataset' (2024), 2024 1st International Conference on Cognitive, Green and Ubiquitous Computing, IC-CGU 2024
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Ramadhan, M.N., Budi, I., Santoso, A.B. & Suryono, R.R., 'Sexual Violence Classification as Hate Speech using Indonesian Tweet' (2022), Proceeding - 2022 International Symposium on Information Technology and Digital Innovation: Technology Innovation During Pandemic, ISITDI 2022, pp. 114-120
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Ramadhan, R.W. & Shiddiqi, A.M., 'A Deep Feature Extraction for Hate Speech Detection using Fine-Tuned Naive Bayes' (2024), ICSINTESA 2024 - 2024 4th International Conference of Science and Information Technology in Smart Administration: The Collaboration of Smart Technology and Good Governance for Sustainable Development Goals, pp. 142–147
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Raman, S., Gupta, V., Nagrath, P. & Santosh, K.C., 'Hate and Aggression Analysis in NLP with Explainable AI' (2022), International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence, 2259036
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Ramana, D.V.S. & Reddy, T.H., 'Detection of Online Hate in Social Media Platforms for Twitter Data: A Prefatory Step' (2022), Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies, 267, pp. 411-419
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Ramasubramanian, S., Bhatti, S.J., Santia, M. & Tang, L., 'Culprits or Victims? Social Media Use, Mediated Ethnic Blame, and Asian American Mental Health During COVID-19' (2024), Mass Communication and Society [online]
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Ramasubramanian, S., Bhatti, S.J., Santia, M. & Tang, L., 'Culprits or Victims? Social Media Use, Mediated Ethnic Blame, and Asian American Mental Health During COVID-19' (2025), Mass Communication and Society, 28(2), pp. 326–350
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Rambow, O., Wanner, L., Apidianaki, M., Al-Khalifa, H., Di Eugenio, B. & Schockaert, S. (Eds.), 'Proceedings of the 31st International Conference on Computational Linguistics, COLING 2025' (2025), Association for Computational Linguistics, Abu Dhabi, UAE (January 2025)
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Rambow, O., Wanner, L., Apidianaki, M., Al-Khalifa, H., Di Euginio, B. & Schockaert, S. (Eds.), 'Proceedings of the 31st International Conference on Computational Linguistics, COLING 2025' (2025), 31st International Conference on Computational Linguistics, COLING 2025, Abu Dhabi, UAE (January 2025)
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Rameez Mohammed, A. & Madhukumar, S.D., 'Hate Speech Detection in Indian Languages: A Brief Survey' (2023), 2023 IEEE 2nd International Conference on Data, Decision and Systems, ICDDS 2023
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Rameshbhai, B.J. & Rana, K., 'Investigating Hostile Post Detection in Gujarati: A Machine Learning Approach' (2024), International Journal of Engineering, Transactions A: Basics, 37(7), pp. 1284–1295
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Ramiandrisoa, F., 'Multi-task Learning for Hate Speech and Aggression Detection' (2022), CEUR Workshop Proceedings, 3178
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Ramírez Sánchez, J., Campo-Archbold, A., Zapata Rozo, A., Díaz-López, D., Pastor-Galindo, J., Gómez Mármol, F. & Aponte Díaz, J., 'Uncovering Cybercrimes in Social Media through Natural Language Processing' (2021), Complexity, 2021, 7955637
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Ramirez, J., Campo-Archbold, A., Zapata, A., Diaz-Lopez, D., Pastor-Galindo, J., Gomez Marmol, F. & Aponte, J., 'On the power of social networks to analyze threatening trends' (2022), IEEE Internet Computing [online]
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Ramírez, M.G. & de Travesedo Rojas, R.G., 'Discursive strategy on UFM on YouTube. Construction of a hate speech | [Estrategia discursiva sobre los MENA en YouTube. Construcción de un discurso de odio]' (2022), Revista Latina de Comunicacion Social, 2022(80), pp. 259-285
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Ramírez-García, A., González-Molina, A., Gutiérrez-Arenas, M.-D.-P. & Moyano-Pacheco, M., 'Interdisciplinarity of scientific production on hate speech and social media: A bibliometric analysis | [Interdisciplinariedad de la producción científica sobre el discurso del odio y las redes sociales: Un análisis bibliométrico]' (2022), Comunicar, 30(72), 113486
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Ramos, G., Batista, F., Ribeiro, R., Fialho, P., Moro, S., Fonseca, A., Guerra, R., Carvalho, P., Marques, C. & Silva, C., 'Leveraging Transfer Learning for Hate Speech Detection in Portuguese Social Media Posts' (2024), IEEE Access, 12, pp. 101374–101389
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Ramos, G., Batista, F., Ribeiro, R., Fialho, P., Moro, S., Fonseca, A., Guerra, R., Carvalho, P., Marques, C. & Silva, C., 'A comprehensive review on automatic hate speech detection in the age of the transformer' (2024), Social Network Analysis and Mining, 14(1), 204
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Ramponi, A., Testa, B., Tonelli, S. & Jezek, E., 'Addressing religious hate online: from taxonomy creation to automated detection' (2022), PeerJ Computer Science, 8, e1128
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Ranasinghe, T., Anuradha, I., Premasiri, D., Silva, K., Hettiarachchi, H., Uyangodage, L. & Zampieri, M., 'SOLD: Sinhala offensive language dataset' (2024), Language Resources and Evaluation [online]
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Ranasinghe, T., Anuradha, I., Premasiri, D., Silva, K., Hettiarchchi, H., Uyangodage, L. & Zampieri, M., 'SOLD: Sinhala offensive language dataset' (2025), Language Resources and Evaluation, 59(1), pp. 297–337
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Rangdale, S., Patil, P., Kundgir, V., Bele, A., Jadhav, J. & Umbare, R., 'EmpathVA: An AI-Enhanced Virtual Assistant for Victims of Digital Harassment Using XGBoost and LSTM Modified Technique' (2025), 2025 4th OPJU International Technology Conference on Smart Computing for Innovation and Advancement in Industry 5.0, OTCON 2025
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Rani, K.P., Harshita, Y.S., Reddy, N.C., Surendranath, M. & Kumar, P.K., 'Hate Speech Detection Based on Deep Learning by Fusion Approach' (2025), 3rd International Conference on Advancements in Smart Secure and Intelligent Computing, ASSIC 2025
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Rani, S., Kaur, J. & Bhambri, P., 'Technology and Gender Violence: Victimization Model, Consequences and Measures' (2024), in D. Mishra, A. Ngoc Le & Z. McDowell (Eds.) Signals and Communication Technology (Part F1803) (pp. 1–19), Cham: Springer
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