Publications: Cyber hate (online hate crime)
A
Aziz, N.A.A., Zainal, A., Al-Rimy, B.A.S. & Ghaleb, F.A.A., 'Comparative Performance of Multi-level Pre-trained Embeddings on CNN, LSTM and CNN-LSTM for Hate Speech and Offensive Language Detection' (2024), Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 1078 LNNS, pp. 186–195
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Aziz, S., Sarfraz, M.S., Usman, M., Aftab, M.U. & Rauf, H.T., 'Geo-Spatial Mapping of Hate Speech Prediction in Roman Urdu' (2023), Mathematics, 11(4), 969
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Azumah, S.W., Elsayed, N., Elsayed, Z., Ozer, M. & Guardia, A.L., 'Deep Learning Approaches for Detecting Adversarial Cyberbullying and Hate Speech in Social Networks' (2024), 2024 2nd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Blockchain, and Internet of Things, AIBThings 2024 – Proceedings
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B
Babaeianjelodar, M., Poorna Prudhvi, G., Lorenz, S., Chen, K., Mondal, S., Dey, S. & Kumar, N., 'Interpretable and High-Performance Hate and Offensive Speech Detection' (2022), Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), 13518 LNCS, pp. 233-244
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Babakov, N., Logacheva, V. & Panchenko, A., 'Beyond plain toxic: building datasets for detection of flammable topics and inappropriate statements' (2023), Language Resources and Evaluation [online]
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Babu, N.V. & Grace Mary Kanaga, E., 'Multiclass Text Emotion Recognition in Social Media Data' (2023), Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 997 LNEE, pp. 371–387
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Baby, A., Jose, J. & Raj, A., 'Psychosomatic Study of Criminal Inclinations with Profanity on Social Media: Twitter' (2023), Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 551, pp. 611-627
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Bacha, J., Ullah, F., Khan, J., Sardar, A.W. & Lee, S., 'A Deep Learning-Based Framework for Offensive Text Detection in Unstructured Data for Heterogeneous Social Media' (2023), IEEE Access, 11, pp. 124484–124498
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Bacsu, J.-D.R., Andrew, M.K., Azizi, M., Berger, C., Cammer, A., Chasteen, A.L., Fraser, S.A., Grewal, K.S., Green, S., Gowda-Sookchoff, R., Mah, J.C., McGilton, K.S., Middleton, L., Nanson, K., Spiteri, R.J., Tang, Y. & O'Connell, M.E., 'Using Twitter to Understand COVID-19 Vaccine-Related Ageism During the Pandemic' (2024), Gerontologist, 64(2), gnad061
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Badour, J. & Brown, J.A., 'Hateful Memes Classification using Machine Learning' (2021), 2021 IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence, SSCI 2021 – Proceedings
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Badri, N., Kboubi, F. & Chaibi, A.H., 'Combining FastText and Glove Word Embedding for Offensive and Hate speech Text Detection' (2022), Procedia Computer Science, 207, pp. 769-778
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Badri, N., Kboubi, F. & Habacha Chaibi, A., 'Abusive and Hate speech Classification in Arabic Text Using Pre-trained Language Models and Data Augmentation' (2024), ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing, 23(11), 155
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Badri, N., Kboubi, F. & Habacha Chaibi, A., 'Towards Automatic Detection of Inappropriate Content in Multi-dialectic Arabic Text' (2022), Communications in Computer and Information Science, 1653 CCIS, pp. 84-100
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Bagnato, D., Hemker, T., Müeller-Toeroek, R., Prosser, A. & Sroka, S., 'Fake News and Hate Speech – Evidence from Germany' (2024), ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, pp. 282–287
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Bahmanyar, R. & Miyaneh, E.K., 'A Novel Content-based Approach for Fake News Detection using Transformer Model: A Case Study of Covid-19 Dataset' (2024), 2024 10th International Conference on Web Research, ICWR 2024, pp. 364–369
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Baider, F., 'Overview, Synthesis and Proposition in Defining Online Hate Speech' (2020), Pragmatics and Society, 11(2), pp. 196-218
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Baider, F., '‘Go to hell fucking faggots, may you die!’ framing the LGBT subject in online comments' (2018), Lodz Papers in Pragmatics 14(1), pp.69–92
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Baider, F., 'Accountability Issues, Online Covert Hate Speech, and the Efficacy of Counter‐Speech' (2023), Politics and Governance, 11(2), pp. 249-260
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Baider, F. & Constantinou, M., 'Covert Hate Speech: A Contrastive Study of Greek and Greek Cypriot Online Discussions With an Emphasis on Irony' (2020), Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict, 8(2), pp. 262-287
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Bailard, C.S., Graham, M.H., Gross, K., Porter, E. & Tromble, R., 'Combating Hateful Attitudes and Online Browsing Behavior: The Case of Antisemitism' (2023), Journal of Experimental Political Science [online]
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Bailey, K.A., Griffin, M., Lopez, K.J., Fayyaz, N., Habib, S. & Leighton, J., '(Re)claiming subversive spaces on TikTok: the complexities of body activisms within physical activity cultures' (2024), Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health [online]
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Bailurkar, R. & Raul, N., 'Detecting Bots to Distinguish Hate Speech on Social Media' (2021), 2021 12th International Conference on Computing Communication and Networking Technologies, ICCCNT 2021
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Baines, A., Seo, H., Ittefaq, M., Shayesteh, F., Kamanga, U. & Liu, Y., 'Race/ethnicity, online information and COVID-19 vaccination: Study of minority immigrants’ internet use for health-related information' (2022), Convergence [online]
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Baishya, A.K., 'Violent spectating: Hindutva music and audio-visualizations of hate and terror in Digital India' (2022), Communication and Critical/ Cultural Studies [online]
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Baishya, A.K., 'Viral nationalism: Right wing media and the aesthetics of distributed participation' (2025), International Journal of Cultural Studies, 28(3), pp. 597–616
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Bajari, A., Koswara, I. & Erlandia, D.R., 'Hatenography: An Analysis of Hate Speech on Facebook in 2019 Indonesian Presidential Campaign' (2021), Jurnal Komunikasi: Malaysian Journal of Communication, 37(4), pp. 122-141
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Bajari, A., Koswara, I., Istiqomah, R.N. & Erlandia, D.R., 'Hatenography On Twitter During the Covid-19 Pandemic in Indonesia: Hate Speech Case Against Anies Baswedan' (2021), Review of International Geographical Education Online, 11(5), pp. 68-78
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Bajraktari, H., 'Human rights and good governance to identify hate crimes on social networks' (2023), Corporate Law and Governance Review, 5(1), pp. 151-157
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Bakalis, C., 'Rethinking cyberhate laws' (2017), Information and Communications Technology Law [online], pp. 1-25
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Bakalis, C. & Hornle, J., 'The role of social media companies in the regulation of online hate speech' (2021), Studies in Law Politics and Society, 85, pp. 75-100
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Bakalis, C. & Lloyd, C., 'Dangerous speech and images: Regulating the internet' (2018), Information & Communications Technology Law, 27(1), pp.1-3
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Balabantaray, S.R., 'Coronavirus Pandemic and Construction of False Narratives: Politics of Health (Hate) and Religious Hatred/ Hate Crimes in India | [Pandemia de coronavirus y construcción de narrativas falsas: políticas de salud (odio) y odio religioso/crímenes de odio en la India]' (2022), Sociologia y Tecnociencia, 12(2), pp. 307-322
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Baladrón-Pazos, A.J., Correyero-Ruiz, B. & Manchado-Pérez, B., 'Spanish Political Communication and Hate Speech on Twitter During the Russian Invasion of Ukraine' (2023), Politics and Governance, 11(2), pp. 160-174
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Balaji, M.J. & Chinmaya, H.S., 'A Study on Sentimental Analysis, Homophobia-Transphobia Detection for Dravidian Languages' (2022), CEUR Workshop Proceedings, 3395, pp. 138-146
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Baldassarre, M.T., Caivano, D., Fernandez Nieto, B., Gigante, D. & Ragone, A., 'Fostering Human Rights in Responsible AI: A Systematic Review for Best Practices in Industry' (2025), IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence, 6(2), pp. 416–431
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Balouchzahi, F., Shashirekha, H.L., Sidorov, G. & Gelbukh, A., 'A comparative study of syllables and character level N-grams for Dravidian multi-script and code-mixed offensive language identification' (2022), Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, 43(6), pp. 6995-7005
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Banka, N., Narang, S., Gupta, M., Sharma, A. & Upadhyay, D., 'Multilingual Obnoxious Message Classification using Bidirectional Encoder Representation from Transformers (BERT)' (2023), 2023 International Conference on Computer, Electronics and Electrical Engineering and their Applications, IC2E3 2023
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Bao, H. & Mutibwa, D.H. (Eds.), 'Entanglements and Ambivalences: Africa and China Encounters in Media and Culture' (2025), London: Routledge India
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Baranwal, A., Gohil, V., Dahat, H. &Salunke, A., 'Hate Speech and NSFW Image Classification using BERT and ResNet-34 model' (2024), 5th International Conference on Recent Trends in Computer Science and Technology, ICRTCST 2024 - Proceedings, pp. 388–394
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Barbaro, F. & Skumanich, A., 'On the importance to study fringe social networks and their impending use of GenAI to promote mal-info: Gab as a case study' (2023), Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Adverse Impacts and Collateral Effects of Artificial Intelligence Technologies (AiOfAi 2023), pp. 22–26
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Barbosa, L.M., 'Meta’s Oversight Board: First Empirical Insights' (2023), Graz Law Working Paper No. 09-2023
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Barbosa, M.P.G., Blanco-Herrero, D., Arcila-Calderón, C. & Sánchez-Holgado, P., 'Hate speech in Spain. Research into the population’s perception and experience | Discurso de ódio na Espanha. Pesquisa sobre a percepção e a experiência da população' (2024), Observatorio, 18(2), pp. 61–82
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Barcellona, M., 'Incel violence as a new terrorism threat: A brief investigation between Alt-Right and Manosphere dimensions' (2022), Sortuz, 11(2), pp. 170-186
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Barcelo, S., Boulanger, M., Tommasel, A. & Rodriguez, J.M., 'Beyond Words: A Preliminary Study for Multimodal Hate Speech Detection' (2024), Proceedings - 2024 50th Latin American Computing Conference, CLEI 2024
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Barker, K., 'The AVMSD as a harmonized approach to moderating hate speech?' (2021), Journal of Digital Media and Policy, 12(3), pp. 387-405
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Barker, K. & Jurasz, O., 'The ‘Politics’ of Responsible Social Media Use in Universities: Cautionary Tales for Student Experience?' (2023), in L. Siliquini-Cinelli & T. Giddens (Eds.) Biopolitics and Structure in Legal Education (pp. 223–238), London: Routledge
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Barker, K. & Jurasz, O., 'Online misogyny as hate crime: A challenge for legal regulation?' (2018), Routledge
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Barkhashree & Dhaliwal, P., 'Impounding behavioural connotations for hate speech analysis – a view towards criminal investigation using machine learning' (2023), International Journal of Information Technology (Singapore) [online]
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Barkhashree & Dhaliwal, P., 'Comprehensive Exploration of Machine Learning based models in Digital Forensics – A plunge into Hate Speech Detection' (2021), Proceedings - 2021 3rd International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communication Control and Networking, ICAC3N 2021, pp. 1933-1938
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Barnett, B.A., 'League of the South’s internet rhetoric: Neo-Confederate community-building online' (2016), Journal of Hate Studies, 13(1), pp. 151-173
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