Publications: Law and hate crime

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Law Commission (Law Com No 348), 'Hate crime: Should the current offences be extended?' (2014)
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Lawrence, F.M., 'The evolving federal role in bias crime law enforcement and the Hate Crimes Prevention Act of 2007' (2008), Stanford Law & Policy Review, 19(2), pp.251-282
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Lawrence, F.M., 'The hate crime project and its limitations: Evaluating the societal gains and risk in bias crime law enforcement' (2007), Social Consciousness in Legal Decision Making, pp.209-226
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lbertín Carbó, P., Langarita Adiego, J.A. & Grau, J.M., 'Anti-Lgtbi+ Hate Crimes. Opportunities, Limits and Challenges in the Criminal Justice System | [DELITOS DE ODIO ANTI-LGTBI+. OPORTUNIDADES, LÍMITES Y DESAFÍOS EN EL SISTEMA PENAL]' (2022), Revista Espanola de Investigacion Criminologica, 20(2)
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Leader, T., Mullen, B. & Rice, D., 'Complexity and valence in Ethnophaulisms and exclusion of ethnic out-groups: What puts the “hate” into hate speech?' (2009), Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96(1), pp.170-182
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Lee, J., 'Asian Americans, affirmative action & the rise in anti-Asian hate' (2021), Daedalus, 150(2), pp. 180-198
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Lepoutre, M., 'Hateful Counterspeech' (2022), Ethical Theory and Moral Practice [online]
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Lepoutre, M., 'Hate Speech Laws: Expressive Power Is Not the Answer' (2020), Legal Theory [online]
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Lepoutre, M., Vilar-Lluch, S., Borg, E. & Hansen, N., 'What is Hate Speech? The Case for a Corpus Approach' (2023), Criminal Law and Philosophy [online]
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Leung, M., 'Points of departure: Re-examining the discursive formation of the Hate Crime Statistics Act of 1990' (2018), Patterns of Prejudice, 52(1), pp.39-57
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Levin, B., 'The vindication of hate violence victims via criminal and civil adjudications' (2002), Journal of Hate Studies, 1(1), pp. 133-165
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Levin, B., 'Hate crimes: Worse by definition' (1999), Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 15(1), pp.6-21
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Levin, B., 'Reassessing laws on hate violence against the homeless' (2015), American Behavioral Scientist, 59(13), pp.1715-1728
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Levin, B., 'From slavery to hate crime laws: The emergence of race and status based protection in American criminal law' (2002), Journal of Social Issues, 58(2), pp.227-245
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Levin, B., & Amster, S., 'Making hate history: Hate crime and policing in America’s most diverse city' (2007), American Behavioral Scientist, 51(2), pp.329-348
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Levin, J. & McDevitt, J., 'Hate Crimes' (2022), in L.R. Kurtz (Ed.) Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace, & Conflict (Third Edition): Volume 2: Violence and Nonviolence (pp. 28-34), Cambridge, MA: Academic Press
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Levin, J., Rabrenovic, G., Ferraro, V., Doran, T., & Methe, D., 'When a crime committed by a teenager becomes a hate crime: Results from two studies' (2007), American Behavioral Scientist, 51(2), pp.246-257
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Lieberman, J.D., Arndt, J., Personius, J. & Cook, A., 'Vicarious annihilation: The effect of mortality salience on perceptions of hate crimes' (2001), Law and Human Behaviour, 25(6), pp.547-566
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Liern, G.R., 'Glorification of terrorism: From the De Juana Chaos case to César Strawberry: From reception of the constitutional doctrine in the Supreme Court’s case law | [El enaltecimiento del terrorismo: Desde el caso de Juana Chaos a CÉsar Strawberry. La recepción de la doctrina constitucional en la jurisprudencia del tribunal supremo]' (2020), Revista de Derecho Politico, (109), pp. 191-227
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Liern, G.R., 'Social Networks and Hate Speech: An International Perspective | [Redes Sociales y Discurso del Odio: Perspectiva Internacional]' (2020), Revista de Internet, Derecho y Politica, (31)
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Liern, G.R., '“Democratic memory” versus ideological freedom: retrospective militant democracy │ “Memoria democrática” versus libertad ideológica: la democracia militante retrospectiva' (2023), Revista de Derecho Politico, (118), pp. 121–143
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Lingaas, C., 'Hate Speech and Racialised Discrimination of the Norwegian Sámi: Legal Responses and Responsibility' (2021), Oslo Law Review, 8(2), pp. 88-107
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Liu, Z., Luo, C. & Lu, J., 'Hate speech in the Internet context: Unpacking the roles of Internet penetration, online legal regulation, and online opinion polarization from a transnational perspective' (2023), Information Development [online]
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Lombardi, E. & Sahni, H., 'The Impact of Anti-discrimination Legislation on Transgender People within the USA' (2023), Sexuality Research and Social Policy [online]
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Lopez Valle, V.C.L., Antik, A. & Cavalcante De Lima, E.M.C., 'Facing fake news and hate speech: a new regulatory model for social media | O enfrentamento da desinformação e do discurso de ódio: um novo modelo regulatório para as redes sociais' (2023), Revista Eurolatinoamericana de Derecho Administrativo, 10(1), e239
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López-Gutiérrez, Á., 'Non-verbal communication in hate and sexist speeches: Hate and sexist discourses without words' (2022), VISUAL Review. International Visual Culture Review / Revista Internacional de Cultura, 9
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Lord Bracadale, 'Independent review of hate crime legislation in Scotland: Final report' (2018), Edinburgh, Scotland: The Scottish Government
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Lowe, D., 'Far-Right Extremism: Is it Legitimate Freedom of Expression, Hate Crime, or Terrorism?' (2020), Terrorism and Political Violence, pp. 1-21
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Lowe, D., 'Terrorism, Law and Policy: A Comparative Study (Second Edition)' (2022), London: Routledge
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Lowe, D., 'Hate Crime in Northern Ireland: The Need for Legislation and a Bespoke Version of the Prevent Strategy' (2023), Terrorism and Political Violence [online]
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Löwstedt, A. & Kapidžić, A., 'Communication in Dignity Since Early Antiquity: From Ptahhotep to Current Ethics and International Law' (2023), Journal of Intercultural Communication Research [online]
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Lozano, Á.A., 'Criminal law backed by the European Union for ending hate speech and discrimination | El Derecho penal auspiciado por la Unión Europea para frenar los discursos de odio y la discriminación' (2023), Revista de Internet, Derecho y Politica, (37)
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Lulz, S. & Riegner, M., 'Freedom of expression and hate speech' (2021), in P. Dan & A.K. Thiruvengadam (Eds.) Democratic Constitutionalism in India and the European Union: Comparing the Law of Democracy in Continental Polities (pp. 191-222), Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing
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Lunny, A.M., 'Hate speech, media, and Canadian federal law' (2021), in M. Deflem & D.M.D. Silva (Eds), Media and Law: Between Free Speech and Censorship (Sociology of Crime, Law and Deviance, Vol. 26) (pp. 133-149), Bingley: Emerald Publishing Ltd.
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Lunny, A.M., 'Debating Hate Crime: Language, Legislatures, and the Law in Canada' (2017), Vancouver: UBC Press
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Lunny, A.M., '‘Look, a Faggot!’: The Scopic Economies of Cruising, Queer Bashing and Law' (2013), Social & Legal Studies, 22(2), pp. 231-245
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Lyons, C.J., 'Individual perceptions and the social construction of hate crimes: A factorial survey' (2008), The Social Science Journal, 45(1), pp.107-131
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Macfarlane, E. (Ed.), 'Dilemmas of free expression' (2021), Toronto: University of Toronto Press
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Mačkić, J., 'Proving discriminatory violence at the European Court of Human Rights' (2018), Dordrecht, Netherlands: Brill
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Mačkić, J., 'The European Court of Human Rights and discriminatory violence complaints' (2016), in J. Schweppe & M.A. Walters, The globalization of hate: Internationalizing hate crime? (pp.233-246), Oxford: Oxford University Press
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MacLachlan, H., 'Music and Incitement to Violence: Anti-Muslim Hate Music in Burma/Myanmar' (2022), Ethnomusicology, 66(3), pp. 410-442
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MacNamara, B.S., 'New York’s Hate Crimes Act of 2000: Problematic and redundant legislation aimed at subjective motivation (commentary)' (2002), Albany Law Review, 66(2), pp.519-546
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Mahmood, K., 'Countering Violent Extremism through Narrative Building in Pakistan' (2022), Islamic Studies, 61(1), pp. 63-84
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Mahoney, K.E., 'Hate vilification legislation and freedom of expression: Where is the balance?' (1994), Australian Journal of Human Rights, 1(1), 353 (Paper presented at the Racism and Anti-Semitism in Contemporary Australia Conference, Melbourne, 11-12 June 1994)
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Makouar, N., Devine, L. & Parker, S., 'Legislating to Control Online Hate Speech: A Corpus-Assisted Semantic Analysis of French Parliamentary Debates' (2023), International Journal for the Semiotics of Law [online]
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Maksimova, E. & Stanojoska, A., 'The Impact of the EU Principle of Solidarity and the Rule of Law on Criminal Aspects of the Migrant Crisis in the Republic of North Macedonia' (2023), in T. Russo, A. Oriolo & G. Dalia (Eds.) European Union and Its Neighbours in a Globalized World (pp. 113–127), Cham: Springer
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Malik, M., '‘Racist crime’: Racially aggravated offences in the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 Part II' (1999), Modern Law Review, 62(3), pp.409-424
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Mallett, R.K., Huntsinger, J.R. & Swim, J.K., 'The role of system-justification motivation, group status and system threat in directing support for hate crimes legislation' (2011), Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47(2), pp.384-390
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Marais, M.E., 'A duty perspective on the hate speech prohibition in the Equality Act' (2021), Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal, 24
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Marais, M.E. & Pretorius, J.L., 'The Constitutionality of the Prohibition of Hate Speech in Terms of Section 10(1) of the Equality Act: A Reply to Botha and Govindjee' (2019), Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal, 22, pp. 1-37
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