Publications: Hate crime models
L
Landry, A.P., Ihm, E. & Schooler, J.W., 'Hated but still human: Metadehumanization leads to greater hostility than metaprejudice' (2021), Group Processes and Intergroup Relations [online]
View the publication online
Lanning, R., 'Irrationalism: The Foundation of Hate Propaganda' (2012), Journal of Hate Studies, 10(1), pp. 49-71
View the publication online
Lantos, D. & Molenberghs, P., 'The neuroscience of intergroup threat and violence' (2021), Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 131, pp. 77-87
View the publication online
Lantz, B., Malcom, Z.T. & Wenger, M.R., 'The Consequences of Hate Crime Victimization: Considering Prejudicial Attitudes as an Outcome of Interracial Bias-Motivated Conflict' (2023), Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency [online]
View the publication online
Lantz, B., Vanden Bosch, M., Mills, J.M., Wenger, M.R. & Malcom, Z.T., 'Hate-Motivated Violence in America: Conceptualizing an Expanded and Updated Typology Using Latent Class Analysis' (2025), Journal of Quantitative Criminology [online]
View the publication online
Laryš, M., '“White Jihad” and “White Sharia”: Jihadism as an Instrument of Intra-Extremist Outbidding among Right-Wing Extremists' (2023), Terrorism and Political Violence [online]
View the publication online
Latif, A., Gulzar, N., Vaughan, A., Khan, F. & Hussain, M., '“Open, Honest, Passionate and with Some Humor”: Understanding Trust Building Between British Muslims and the Wider Community' (2021), Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs [online]
View the publication online
Latif, M.A., 'Make America hate again? Before and after Trump, there were differences in how Muslims and Islam were portrayed in American media' (2024), Social Identities [online]
View the publication online
Lau, S.B., Bersamira, C.S., Lee, Y.J. & Yamauchi, J., 'Asian American social workers’ experiences and perspectives on anti-Asian hate' (2023), Journal of Social Work [online]
View the publication online
Laube, M., 'From Treason to ‘Germanophobia’ – Political Criminality as Concept Creep | Von Hochverrat zu „Deutschfeindlichkeit“– Politische Kriminalität als Concept Creep' (2024), Kriminologie, 6(4), pp. 254–271
View the publication online
Laughlin, C., 'The paranoid infrastructural imaginary of alt-tech: understanding how the reactionary mind fuels digital fascism' (2025), Journal of Information Technology and Politics [online]
View the publication online
Lee, S., 'Asian critical theory in understanding the women victims of anti-Asian hate crimes' (2022), International Social Work [online]
View the publication online
Lee, C., 'COVID-19 conspiracy theories as affective discourse' (2022), in M. Demata, V. Zorzi & A. Zottola (Eds.) Conspiracy Theory Discourses (Discourse Approaches to Politics, Society and Culture, 98) (pp. 215-238), Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing
View the publication online
Lee, S., 'Willingness to cooperate with police in hate crime cases: the impact of police legitimacy, police encounters and race/ethnicity' (2024), Policing [online]
View the publication online
Lee, S., Choi, J. & Ahn, C., 'Hate prompts participation: Examining the dynamic relationship between affective polarization and political participation' (2023), New Media and Society [online]
View the publication online
Lepoutre, M., 'Hateful Counterspeech' (2022), Ethical Theory and Moral Practice [online]
View the publication online
Lera, E.C., 'The Correlation between Economic Decline and Radicalization towards the Far Right in the United States: The Case of Hate Groups in the Rust Belt | La correlación entre el detrimento económico y la radicalización hacia la extrema derecha en Estados Unidos: El caso de los grupos de odio en el Rust Belt' (2024), Norteamerica, 19(2)
View the publication online
Lestari, Y., Elian, N., Diego, Anindya, A. & Helmi, R.F., 'The Relationship Between Social Media Usage and Responses to Hoax and Hate Speech in Padang' (2024), Studies in Media and Communication, 12(3), pp. 393–404
View the publication online
Lettieri, J., Logie, K. & Paccione-Frometa, J., 'Noise Complaints and Land Rezoning as a Predictor of Hate Crimes in a New York City Borough' (2023), Journal of Interpersonal Violence [online]
View the publication online
Leung, V. & Masuoka, N., 'Race in a Pandemic: Asian American Perceptions of Discrimination and Political Preferences in the 2020 Election' (2025), Public Opinion Quarterly, 89(1), pp. 49–73
View the publication online
Levin, B. & Levine, K., 'Redistributing Justice' (2024), Columbia Law Review, 124(5), pp. 1531–1594
View the publication online
Levin, B., Nolan, J.J. & Perry, B., 'Disrupting the mantra of multiculturalism: Hate crime in Canada' (2015), American Behavioral Scientist, 59(13), pp.1637-1654
View the publication online
Levin, J. & Reichelmann, A., 'From thrill to defensive motivation: The role of group threat in the changing nature of hate-motivated assaults' (2015), American Behavioral Scientist, 59(12), pp.1546-1561
View the publication online
Levy, A., Galinsky, A., Nguyen, C.Q., Saguy, T., Ikizer, E.G. & Dovidio, J.F., 'Ingroup love, outgroup hate, and the gateway group effect: Comparing the direct and indirect impact of dual versus single identification' (2023), PloS one, 18(8), e0287631
View the publication online
Lewis, C.S., 'Tough-on-crime tolerance: The cultural criminalization of bigotry in the Post-Civil Rights Era' (2012), Critical Criminology, 20(3), pp.275-292
View the publication online
Li, M., 'Exemplifying Power Matters: The Impact of Power Exemplification of Transgender People in the News on Issue Attribution, Dehumanization, and Aggression Tendencies' (2021), Journalism Practice [online]
View the publication online
Li, J.-Y., Tao, W. & Lee, Y., 'Corporate Responsibility to Race (CRR) and Its Effect on Public Engagement in Activism Against anti-Asian Hate: The Role of Perceived CRR Authenticity and Issue Importance' (2025), International Journal of Strategic Communication [online]
View the publication online
Libby, C., 'Sympathy, Fear, Hate Trans-Exclusionary Radical Feminism and Evangelical Christianity' (2022), Transgender Studies Quarterly, 9(3), pp. 425-442
View the publication online
Lieberman, J.D., Arndt, J., Personius, J. & Cook, A., 'Vicarious annihilation: The effect of mortality salience on perceptions of hate crimes' (2001), Law and Human Behaviour, 25(6), pp.547-566
View the publication online
Liguori, J.B. & Spanierman, L.B., 'Walking out on hate: A qualitative investigation of how and why White supremacists quit hate groups' (2022), Journal of Counseling Psychology, 69(4), pp. 389-402
View the publication online
Liu, H., 'From Model Minority to Yellow Peril: The Shifting Narratives of Asian International Students' (2023), Journal of International Students, 13(1), pp. 79-84
View the publication online
Liu, J., Jia, X., Wu, Y., Zhang, J. & Huang, X., 'From News to Knowledge: Predicting Hate Crime Trends through Event Extraction from Media Content' (2024), IAENG International Journal of Applied Mathematics, 54(4), pp. 601–613
View the publication online
Liu, L., '“Virtual Ethnic Town Hall”: WeChat and Suburban Chinese Migrants’ Multidirectional Activism' (2023), Journal of American Ethnic History, 42(3), pp. 5-39
View the publication online
Liu, M., Anastasio, N., LeFreniere, H. & Perliger, A., 'Public Health Crisis and Hate Crimes: Deciphering the Proliferation of Anti-Asian Violence in the US before and during COVID-19' (2023), Perspectives on Terrorism, 17(2), pp. 30–59
View the publication online
Liu, S.X., 'Relational Legal Consciousness in the Context of Hate Crime Laws' (2025), Social and Legal Studies [online]
View the publication online
Livingston, S. & Bahador, B., 'Propaganda feedback loops as communication rituals: Hate speech on talk radio' (2025), Media, Culture and Society [online]
View the publication online
Llanera, T., 'The Misogyny Paradox and the Alt-Right' (2023), Hypatia, 10(6)
View the publication online
Lo Cricchio, M.G., Stefanelli, F., Menesini, E. & Nocentini, A., 'Adolescents’ Ethnic Hate Speech Exposure and Ethnic Bullying Perpetration: The Moderating Role of Tolerance Towards Diversity and Gender' (2023), Cyberpsychology, 17(5), 4
View the publication online
Lo, B., 'Anti-Asian Violence and Abolition Feminism as Asian American Feminist Praxis' (2023), Feminist Formations, 35(1), pp. 221–239
View the publication online
Lobanov, N., 'From London Bridge to Finsbury Park Mosque: humour and hate crimes' (2024), European Journal of Humour Research, 12(1), pp. 157–170
View the publication online
Logie, K., Cohen, N.D., Taylor, E. & Perry, K., 'Hidden Hate: Analysis of Hate Speech on a Darknet Forum' (2025), Justice Quarterly [online]
View the publication online
London-Nadeau, K., Barborini, C., Haines-Saah, R., Bazarov, M., Bristowe, S., Khorkhordina, M., Lemay-Gaulin, M., Gorka, C., Juster, R.-P., D'Alessio, H. & Chadi, N., 'Scapegoated communities, shared struggles: A call for solidarity with people who use drugs and queer and trans people' (2025), International Journal of Drug Policy, 143, 104915
View the publication online
Lopez, J.J., Jang, W., Yan, L. & Prew, P., 'The geography of hate crime in California, 2015–18' (2024), SN Social Sciences, 4(8), 143
View the publication online
López-Cepeda, I., Mañas-Viniegra, L. & Vivar-Zurita, H., 'Fundamental Rights of People With Disabilities Reflected in the Social Discourse of the Main Disability Organisations in Spain' (2021), Janus.net, 2021, pp. 93-111
View the publication online
Lötter, C., '“Kill the Boer, kill the farmer!” South African hate speech re-evaluated within a poststructuralist perspective' (2025), South African Journal of Philosophy, 44(1), pp. 30–42
View the publication online
Lötter, C., '“Kill the Boer, kill the farmer!” South African hate speech re-evaluated within a poststructuralist perspective' (2025), South African Journal of Philosophy [online]
View the publication online
Lotter, M.-S., 'Should “vulnerable groups” be protected from criticism? On the Functions of Free Speech for Liberal Democracy and the Ideology of Vulnerability | [Sind „vulnerable Gruppen“vor Kritik zu schützen? Die Funktionen der Redefreiheit für die liberale Demokratie und die Ideologisierung der Vulnerabilität]' (2023), Zeitschrift fur Praktische Philosophie, 9(2), pp. 375-398
View the publication online
Lovett, S., 'Disgust and the Limits of Reason: Countering the Fear of Contamination and Resistance to Education in a Post-modern Climate' (2023), in Z. Gross (Ed.) Reimagining the Landscape of Religious Education: Challenges and Opportunities (pp. 181–192), Cham: Springer
View the publication online
Löwstedt, A. & Hatarova, N., 'Transcultural and Transnational Communication Principles? Suggestions for Minimum and Maximum Values as a Common Ground' (2024), Journal of Media Ethics: Exploring Questions of Media Morality [online]
View the publication online
Löwstedt, A. & Kapidžić, A., 'Communication in Dignity Since Early Antiquity: From Ptahhotep to Current Ethics and International Law' (2023), Journal of Intercultural Communication Research [online]
View the publication online