Publications: Hate crime models
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Versteegen, P.L., 'We love, they hate: Emotions in affective polarization and how partisans may use them' (2024), Political Psychology [online]
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Vestel, V. & Rosten, M., 'Seven critical events regarding Islam and Muslims in Norway – Three points of tension | Siete acontecimientos crí.cos en relación con el Islam y los musulmanes en Noruega: tres puntos de tensión' (2024), Revista de Estudios Internacionales Mediterraneos, (36), pp. 57–84
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Vo, D.H., Szapocznik, J., Cobb, C.L., Duque, M., Ertanir, B., Alpysbekova, A., Montero-Zamora, P., Sahbaz, S., Bautista, T., Scaramutti Gladfelter, C., Lee, S.W. & Schwartz, S.J., 'When Your People Don’t Favor You: Ingroup Discrimination Through Multiple Lenses, Mechanisms, and Model' (2025), Review of General Psychology [online]
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Vogel, B.L., 'Perceptions of hate: The extent to which a motive of “hate” influences attitudes of violent crimes' (2000), Journal of Crime and Justice, 23(2), pp.1-25
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Wachs, S., Bilz, L., Wettstein, A. & Espelage, D.L., 'Validation of the multidimensional bystander responses to racist hate speech scale and its association with empathy and moral disengagement among adolescents' (2023), Aggressive Behavior [online]
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Wachs, S., Bilz, L., Wettstein, A., Wright, M.F., Kansok-Dusche, J., Krause, N. & Ballaschk, C., 'Associations Between Witnessing and Perpetrating Online Hate Speech Among Adolescents: Testing Moderation Effects of Moral Disengagement and Empathy' (2022), Psychology of Violence [online]
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Wachs, S., Bilz, L., Wettstein, A., Wright, M.F., Krause, N., Ballaschk, C. & Kansok-Dusche, J., 'The Online Hate Speech Cycle of Violence: Moderating Effects of Moral Disengagement and Empathy in the Victim-To-Perpetrator Relationship' (2022), Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 25(4), pp. 223-229
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Wachs, S., Castellanos, M., Wettstein, A., Bilz, L. & Gámez-Guadix, M., 'Associations Between Classroom Climate, Empathy, Self-Efficacy, and Countering Hate Speech Among Adolescents: A Multilevel Mediation Analysis' (2022), Journal of Interpersonal Violence [online]
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Wachs, S., Schittenhelm, C., Kops, M., Gámez-Guadix, M. & Wright, M.F., 'Happiness Through HateLess? Examining the Direct and Indirect Effects of an Anti-Hate Speech Program on Victimized and Non-Victimized Youth' (2025), Journal of Adolescence [online]
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Wachs, S., Valido, A., Espelage, D.L., Castellanos, M., Wettstein, A. & Bilz, L., 'The relation of classroom climate to adolescents’ countering hate speech via social skills: A positive youth development perspective' (2023), Journal of Adolescence [online]
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Wachs, S., Wettstein, A., Bilz, L., Krause, N., Ballaschk, C., Kansok-Dusche, J. & Wright, M.F., 'Playing by the Rules? An Investigation of the Relationship Between Social Norms and Adolescents’ Hate Speech Perpetration in Schools' (2021), Journal of Interpersonal Violence [online]
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Wade, M., Baker, S.A. & Walsh, M.J., 'Crowdfunding platforms as conduits for ideological struggle and extremism: On the need for greater regulation and digital constitutionalism' (2023), Policy and Internet [online]
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Wahlström, M., 'Constructing “violence-affirming extremism”: a Swedish social problem trajectory' (2022), Critical Studies on Terrorism [online]
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Walker, A., 'Transphobic discourse and moral panic convergence: A content analysis of my hate mail' (2023), Criminology [online]
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Wallengren, S., Wigerfelt, A., Wigerfelt, B. & Mellgren, C., 'Visibility and Vulnerability: A Mixed Methodology Approach to Studying Roma Individuals’ Victimization Experiences' (2019), International Review of Victimology [online]
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Waller, J., 'Perpetrators of genocide: An explanatory model of extraordinary human evil' (2002), Journal of Hate Studies, 1 (1), pp. 5-22
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Waller, J.E., 'Our ancestral shadow: Hate and human nature in evolutionary psychology' (2004), Journal of Hate Studies, 3(1), pp. 121-132
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Walls, G., 'Massacre–Bodies the Matter: the mapping of queer violence in Sydney, Australia between 1970 and 2010' (2024), International Journal of Cartography [online]
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Walters, M.A., 'Criminalising Hate: Law as Social Justice Liberalism' (2022), Cham: Palgrave Macmillan
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Walters, M.A. , 'A general theories of hate crime? Strain, doing difference and self control' (2011), Critical Criminology, 19(4), pp.313-330
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Walther, J.B., 'Social media and online hate' (2022), Current Opinion in Psychology, 45, 101298
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Walther, J.B., 'The Effects of Social Approval Signals on the Production of Online Hate: A Theoretical Explication' (2024), Communication Research [online]
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Wamser, R., Sager, J.C., Walker, H.E. & Richardson, J., 'An Investigation of the Associations Between Trauma Exposure, Racial Stereotypes, and Racist Beliefs' (2023), Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy [online]
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Wang, L.-I., 'Reframing Hate' (2022), Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 112(4), pp. 847-873
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Wang, S., 'The Power of Images: How Multimodal Hate Speech Shapes Prejudice and Prosocial Behavioral Intentions' (2024), Social Media and Society, 10(4)
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Wang, S.C. & Santos, B.M.C., '“Go Back to China With Your (Expletive) Virus”: A Revelatory Case Study of Anti-Asian Racism During COVID-19' (2022), Asian American Journal of Psychology [online]
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Wang, X., Wu, M. & Rajtmajer, S., 'From Yellow Peril to Model Minority: Asian stereotypes in social media during the COVID-19 pandemic' (2023), ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, pp. 283-291
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Wang, X., Yang, G. & Meng, W., 'Childhood maltreatment must lead to hate? The relation between childhood maltreatment and social mindfulness among college students: the roles of self-compassion, shyness and hostile attribution bias' (2025), Frontiers in Psychology, 16, 1447043
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Waqas, A., Salminen, J., Jung, S.-G., Almerekhi, H. & Jansen, B.J., 'Mapping Online Hate: A Scientometric Analysis on Research Trends and Hotspots in Research on Online Hate' (2019), (2019), PLoS ONE, 14(9)
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Ward, M., 'Seeing beyond Black and White to understand anti-Latinx crimes of bias: Ver más allá de blanco y negro para comprender los crímenes de parcialidad contra los Latinos' (2024), Latino Studies [online]
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Warford, N., Matthews, T., Yang, K., Akgul, O., Consolvo, S., Kelley, P.G., Malkin, N., Mazurek, M.L., Sleeper, M. & Thomas, K., 'SoK: A Framework for Unifying At-Risk User Research' (2022), Proceedings - IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, 2022-May, pp. 2344-2360
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Weber, I., Vandebosch, H., Poels, K. & Pabian, S., 'Features for Hate? Using the Delphi Method to Explore Digital Determinants for Online Hate Perpetration and Possibilities for Intervention' (2023), Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking [online]
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Weber, I., Vandebosch, H., Poels, K. & Pabian, S., 'The ecology of online hate speech: Mapping expert perspectives on the drivers for online hate perpetration with the Delphi method' (2024), Aggressive Behavior, 50(2), e22136
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Weber, I., Vandebosch, H., Poels, K. & Pabian, S., 'The ecology of online hate speech: Mapping expert perspectives on the drivers for online hate perpetration with the Delphi method' (2024), Aggressive Behavior, 50(2), e22136
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Wei, H., Hswen, Y., Merchant, J.S., Drew, L.B., Nguyen, Q.C., Yue, X., Mane, H. & Nguyen, T.T., 'From Tweets to Streets: Observational Study on the Association Between Twitter Sentiment and Anti-Asian Hate Crimes in New York City from 2019 to 2022' (2024), Journal of Medical Internet Research, 26, e53050
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Weigel, M., 'Hating Theory: “Cultural Marxism,” “CRT,” and the Power of Media Affects' (2023), International Journal of Communication, 17, pp. 6504–6524
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Weigel, M. & Gitomer, A., 'Hate-sharing: A case study of its prevalence and impact on Gab' (2024), New Media and Society [online]
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Wells, G., Romhányi, Á. & Steinkuehler, C., 'Hate speech and hate-based harassment in online games' (2024), Frontiers in Psychology, 15, 1422422
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Wells, G., Romhanyi, A., Reitman, J.G., Gardner, R., Squire, K. & Steinkuehler, C., 'Right-Wing Extremism in Mainstream Games: A Review of the Literature' (2023), Games and Culture [online]
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Wenger, M.R. & Lantz, B., 'Hate Crime and Place: The Spatial and Temporal Concentration of Bias-Motivated Crime in Washington, D.C.' (2021), Journal of Interpersonal Violence [online]
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Wertans, E. & Chakraborti, N., 'To deny or dismantle? Responding to victims of targeted hostility in higher education' (2024), International Review of Victimology [online]
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Weston, D., 'Genocidal Speech and Speech Act Theory' (2024), International Journal for the Semiotics of Law [online]
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White, R.S., 'Interpellation and group polarization: Aspects of group hatred' (2024), International Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies [online]
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White, R.S., 'Antisemitism: A psychoanalytic theory' (2023), International Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies [online]
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Whitten, S., 'A Republican Conception of Counterspeech' (2023), Ethical Theory and Moral Practice [online]
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Whitten, S. & Papcunová, J., 'Oppressive expression and the Czech and Slovak communities of Northern Ireland' (2024), Irish Journal of Sociology [online]
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Whittington, K.E., 'Should We Trust the Censor?' (2024), Daedalus, 153(3), pp. 244–259
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Whittington, W. & Piatkowska, S.J., 'Far-Right Extremism, Elections and Hate Crime: A Temporal Evaluation of Bias-Motivated Violence in Slovakia' (2025), British Journal of Criminology, 65(1), pp. 126–146
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Wiedlitzka, S., Prati, G., Brown, R., Smith, J. & Walters, M.A., 'Hate in Word and Deed: The Temporal Association Between Online and Offline Islamophobia' (2021), Journal of Quantitative Criminology [online]
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Wieslander, M., 'Hate crime disclaimers: barriers to education and policing of hate crimes in Sweden' (2025), Policing and Society [online]
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