Publications: Hate speech
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Brata, D.W., Djunaidy, A. & Siahaan, D.O., 'Comparison of Deep Learning Methods in Detecting Hate Speech in Indonesian Tweets' (2023), ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, pp. 58–63
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Breazu, P., 'Entitlement Racism on YouTube: White injury—the licence to Humiliate Roma migrants in the UK' (2023), Discourse, Context and Media, 55, 100718
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Breazu, P. & Katson, N., 'ChatGPT-4 as a journalist: Whose perspectives is it reproducing?' (2024), Discourse and Society [online]
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Breazu, P. & Machin, D., 'Racism is not just hate speech: Ethnonationalist victimhood in YouTube comments about the Roma during Covid-19' (2022), Language in Society [online]
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Breazu, P., Schirmer, M., Hu, S. & Katsos, N., 'Large Language Models and the challenge of analyzing discriminatory discourse: human-AI synergy in researching hate speech on social media' (2025), Journal of Multicultural Discourses [online]
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Breitwieser, K., 'Can Contextualizing User Embeddings Improve Sarcasm and Hate Speech Detection?' (2022), NLPCSS 2022 - 5th Workshop on Natural Language Processing and Computational Social Science, NLP+CSS, Held at the 2022 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, EMNLP 2022, pp. 126-139
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Brennan, F., 'www.hatecrime.co Laws uncritical engagement' (2009), Information & Communications Technology Law, 18(2), pp.75-78
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Brett, C., '“We have watched the woke monster destroy everything”: gender and affect in the construction of wokeness on reactionary YouTube' (2025), Feminist Media Studies [online]
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Brightman, S., Lenning, E., Lurie, K.J. & DeJong, C., 'Anti-Transgender Ideology, Laws, and Homicide: An Analysis of the Trifecta of Violence' (2023), Homicide Studies [online]
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Briliani, A., Irawan, B. & Setianingsih, C., 'Hate Speech Detection in Indonesian Language on Instagram Comment Section Using K-Nearest Neighbor Classification Method' (2019), Proceedings - 2019 IEEE International Conference on Internet of Things and Intelligence System, IoTaIS 2019, 8980398, pp. 98-104
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Brink, D.O., 'Millian principles, freedom of expression and hate speech' (2001), Legal Theory, 7(2), pp.119-157
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Britt, B.C., 'Sex Sells Terrorism: How Sexual Appeals in Fringe Online Communities Contribute to Self-Radicalization' (2023), Social Science Computer Review [online]
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Brody, E., Greenhalgh, S.P. & Sajjad, M., 'Free Speech or Free to Hate?: Anti-LGBTQ+ Discourses in LGBTQ+-Affirming Spaces on Gab Social' (2023), Journal of Homosexuality [online]
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Bronitt, S., 'Hate speech, sedition and the war on terror' (2007), in Gelber, K. & Stone, A. (eds.) Hate Speech and Freedom of Speech in Australia. The Federation Press.
Brooten, L., 'When Media Fuel the Crisis: Fighting Hate Speech and Communal Violence in Myanmar' (2020), in J. Matthews & E. Thorsen (Eds.), Media, Journalism and Disaster Communities. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan
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Brown, A., 'What is hate speech? Part 2: Family resemblances' (2017), Law and Philosophy, 36(5), pp.561–613
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Brown, A., 'What is hate speech? Part 1: The myth of hate' (2017), Law and Philosophy, 36(4), pp.419–468
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Brown, A., 'The “who?” question in the hate speech debate: Part 1: Consistency, practical, and formal approaches' (2016), Canadian Journal of Law & Jurisprudence, 29(2), pp. 275-320
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Brown, A., 'Hate speech law: A philosophical examination' (2015), New York: Routledge.
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Brown, R.S., 'Susan Gellman has it right' (1992), Criminal Justice Ethics, 11(2), pp.46-48
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Brown, A., 'What is so special about online (as compared to offline) hate speech?' (2017), Ethnicities, 18(3), pp.297-326
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Brown, A., 'Reverse hate speech, pragmatics, and the authority problem' (2024), Philosophy and Social Criticism [online]
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Brown, A., 'The Free Speech Principle: A Topography' (2024), Canadian Journal of Law and Jurisprudence [online]
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Brown, A., 'Implementing the Protocol to the Convention on Cybercrime on Xenophobia and Racism: Good Practice Study' (2023), Strasbourg, France: Council of Europe (Octopus Project)
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Brown, A., 'Reverse Hate Speech, Pragmatics, and the Authority Problem' (2024), Philosophy & Social Criticism [online]
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Brown, A., 'The Internet of Hate: Comparing the Nature, Harms, and Regulatory Challenges of Online and Offline Hate Speech' (2025), Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law, 53(2), pp. 203–282
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Brown, A., '“Bigots in Black Robes”: Legal Ethics and Judicial Hate Speech' (2025), Intercultural Human Rights Laws Review, 20(2025), pp. 285–363
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Brown, A., 'Words of Hate, Streets of Rage: Reforming the England and Wales Stirring Up Hatred Offences' (2025), Tulane Journal of International and Comparative Law, 33(2025), pp. 405–474
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Brown, A. & Sinclair, A., 'The Politics of Hate Speech Laws' (2019), London: Routledge
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Brown. A. & Sinclair, A., 'Hate Speech Frontiers: Exploring the Limits of the Ordinary and Legal Concepts' (2023), Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press
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Bruns, A., 'After the ‘APIcalypse’: social media platforms and their fight against critical scholarly research' (2019), Information Communication and Society [online]
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Buckingham, L. & Alali, N., 'Extreme Parallels: A Corpus-Driven Analysis of ISIS and Far-Right Discourse' (2019), Kotuitui [online]
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Budiyanto, Masum, A., Aidonojie, P.A. & Aslan, J., 'Problems of Legal Implementation of the Criminal Offense of Spreading Fake News and Hate Speech in Papua' (2024), Law Reform: Jurnal Pembaharuan Hukum, 20(2), pp. 278–300
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Buenestado-Fernández, M., Jiménez-Millán, A., & Palacios-Hidalgo, F. J. (Eds.), 'Comprehensive Sexuality Education for Gender-Based Violence Prevention' (2024), Hershey, PA: IGI Global
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Bührer, S., Koban, K. & Matthes, J., 'The WWW of digital hate perpetration: What, who, and why? A scoping review' (2024), Computers in Human Behavior, 159, 108321
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Bulla, L., Gangemi, A. & Mongiovì, M., 'Towards Distribution-shift Robust Text Classification of Emotional Content' (2023), Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pp. 8256–8268
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Bunde, E., 'AI-assisted and explainable hate speech detection for social media moderators – A design science approach' (2021), Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2020-January, pp. 1264-1273
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Buoncompagni, G., '“Intolerant Television”—The Coverage on Antisemitic Events in Italian Television News in 2019–2022' (2025), Social Sciences, 14(2), 64
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Buoncompagni, G. & D’ambrosi, L., 'Hate Speech Towards Migrants' (2020), in G. La Rocca & J. Martínez-Torvisco (Eds.) Technological and Digital Risk: Research Issues. Peter Lang Publishers
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Burbi, G., Baldrati, A., Agnolucci, L., Bertini, M. & Del Bimbo, A., 'Mapping Memes to Words for Multimodal Hateful Meme Classification' (2023), Proceedings - 2023 IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision Workshops, ICCVW 2023, pp. 2824–2828
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Burch, L. & Wilkin, D. (Eds.), 'Disability Hate Crime: Perspectives for Change' (2024), Oxfordshire, UK: Routledge
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Burch, L. & Wilkin, D. (Eds.), 'Disability Hate Crime: Perspectives for Change' (2024), London: Routledge
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Burch, L.M., Fielding-Lloyd, B. & Hayday, E.J., '‘Get back to the kitchen, cos u talk s*** on tv’: gendered online abuse and trigger events in sport' (2023), European Sport Management Quarterly [online]
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Burke, S., Diba, P. & Antonopoulos, G.A., '‘You Sick, Twisted Messes’: The Use of Argument and Reasoning in Islamophobic and Anti-Semitic Discussions on Facebook' (2020), Discourse and Society [online]
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Burke-Moore, L., Williams, A.R. & Bright, J., 'Journalists are most likely to receive abuse: analysing online abuse of UK public figures across sport, politics, and journalism on Twitter' (2025), EPJ Data Science, 14(1), 41
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Burman, A. Karan, S., Mallik, S., Majee, D., Bal, M., Anand, S. & Chakraborty, A., 'On Identifying Communities in Online Hate Speech' (2023), 2023 International Conference on New Frontiers in Communication, Automation, Management and Security, ICCAMS 2023
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Burn, S.M., Kadlec, K. & Rexer, R., 'Effects of subtle heterosexism on gays, lesbians, and bisexuals' (2008), Journal of Homosexuality, 49(2), pp.23-28
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Burnap, P. & Williams, M.L., 'Hate Speech, machine classification and statistical modelling of information flows on Twitter: Interpretation and communication for policy decision making' (2014), The Internet, Policy & Politics Conferences.
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Burnap, P. & Williams, M.L., 'Us and them: Identifying cyber hate on Twitter across multiple protected characteristics' (2016), EPJ Data Science, 5(1)
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Burnham, S.L.F., Arbeit, M.R. & Hilliard, L.J., 'The Subtle Spread of Hateful Memes: Examining Engagement Intentions Among Parents of Adolescents' (2022), Social Media and Society, 8(2)
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