Publications: Hate speech
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Samal, S., Gadekellu, T.R., Rajput, P., Zhang, Y.-D. & Balabantaray, B.K., 'SAS-UNet: Modified encoder-decoder network for the segmentation of obscenity in images' (2023), Proceedings - 23rd IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Cluster, Cloud and Internet Computing Workshops, CCGridW 2023, pp. 45–51
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Samalo, D. & Utama, D.N., 'Decision support model for determining cyberbullying tweet' (2023), Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology, 101(20), pp. 6499–6509
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Samanta, B., Ganguly, N. & Chakrabarti, S., 'Improved Sentiment Detection Via Label Transfer from Monolingual to Synthetic Code-Switched Text' (2020), ACL 2019 - 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Proceedings of the Conference, pp. 3528-3537
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Samaras, G., 'Battleground Europe: the rise of anti-woke movements and their threat to democracy' (2025), Frontiers in Political Science, 7, 1568816
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Samarasinghe, S.W.A.M.D., Meegama, R.G.N. & Punchimudiyanse, M., 'Machine learning approach for the detection of hate speech in Sinhala unicode text' (2020), 20th International Conference on Advances in ICT for Emerging Regions, ICTer 2020 – Proceedings, 9325493, pp. 65-70
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Sameera, D., Greeshma, A., Kanakathara, B. & Reddy, A.S.V., 'A Practical Approach to Detect Hateful and Nonhateful Language' (2024), Proceedings of the 2024 10th International Conference on Communication and Signal Processing, ICCSP 2024, pp. 1639–1642
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Samy-Tayie, S., Tejedor, S. & Pulido, C., 'News literacy and online news between Egyptian and Spanish youth: Fake news, hate speech and trust in the media | [Alfabetización periodística entre jóvenes egipcios y españoles: Noticias falsas, discurso de odio y confianza en medios]' (2023), Comunicar, 30(74), pp. 69-81
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San Deogracias, J.C., Linares, R.C. & Segarra, M.G., 'The boomerang effect and hate speech comments in the press: Lionel Messi and the Catalan pro-independence movement (2019-2021) | Efeito boomerang e ódio na imprensa: Messi e a independência da Catalunha (2019-2021)' (2024), Icono14, 22(1), e2057
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Sánchez, D.S., 'Artistic Freedom and Hate Speech in the Light of the Valtònyc Case (Libertad DE Expresión Artística Y Discurso Del Odio a La Luz Del Caso Valtònyc)' (2019), Sistema, 255, pp. 101-121
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Sánchez, L.P. & Fernández, E.T., 'Media education in Primary: Intervention against hate in networks | Educación mediática en Primaria: Intervención contra el odio en redes' (2024), Rotura: Journal of Communication, Culture and Arts, 4(1), pp. 14–29
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Sánchez-Compaña, M.T., Sánchez-Cruzado, C. & García-Ruiz, C.R., 'An interdisciplinary scientific and mathematic education, addressing relevant social problems such as sexist hate speech' (2020), Information (Switzerland), 11(12), 543, pp. 1-16
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Sanchez-Gomez, J.M., Batista, F., Vega-Rodríguez, M.A. & Pérez, C.J., 'A transformer-based deep learning approach for detecting online hate speech in Spanish' (2026), Applied Soft Computing, 187, 114259
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Sánchez-Holgado, P., Amores, J.J. & Blanco-Herrero, D., 'Online Hate Speech and Immigration Acceptance: A Study of Spanish Provinces' (2022), Social Sciences, 11(11), 515
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Sánchez-Holgado, P., Gomes-Barbosa, M., Mera-Alonso, D.J. & Arcila-Calderón, C., 'Social debate and hate speech around the Trans Law in Spain: A systematic literature review' (2024), Sexuality, Gender and Policy, 7(4), pp. 404–420
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Sánchez-Meza, M., Corrales, L.S., Barbosa, M.V. & Carnicé-Mur, M., 'From social networks to hate networks? Analysis of the digital conversation on Twitter about the Spanish Minister of Equality Irene Montero | ¿De redes sociales a redes del odio? Análisis de la conversación digital en Twitter sobre la ministra de Igualdad española Irene Montero' (2023), Estudios Sobre el Mensaje Periodistico, 29(3), pp. 717–736
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Sánchez-Sánchez, A.M., Ruiz-Muñoz, D. & Sánchez-Sánchez, F.J., 'Research trends in the control of hate speech on social media for the 2016–2022 time frame │ Tendencias en la investigación para el control del discurso de odio en las redes sociales para el período 2016-2022 | Tendências na pesquisa sobre o controle do discurso de ódio nas redes sociais para o período 2016-2022' (2023), Cuadernos.info, (56), pp. 89–116
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Sánchez-Sánchez, A.M., Ruiz-Muñoz, D. & Sánchez-Sánchez, F.J., 'Mapping Homophobia and Transphobia on Social Media' (2023), Sexuality Research and Social Policy [online]
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Sánchez‐Holgado, P., Arcila‐Calderón, C. & Gomes‐Barbosa, M., 'Hate Speech and Polarization Around the “Trans Law” in Spain' (2023), Politics and Governance, 11(2), pp. 187-197
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Sandaruwan, H.M.S.T., Lorensuhewa, S.A.S. & Kalyani, M.A.L., 'Sinhala Hate Speech Detection in Social Media Using Text Mining and Machine Learning' (2019), 19th International Conference on Advances in ICT for Emerging Regions, ICTer 2019 – Proceedings, 9023655
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Sande, N. & Maforo, B., 'Hate Speech as a Politico-Religious Tool in Contemporary Zimbabwe' (2022), Journal of Religion in Africa, 1(4), pp. 1-16
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Sang, Y. & Stanton, J., 'Analyzing Hate Speech with Incel-Hunters’ Critiques' (2020), ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, pp. 5-13
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Sang, Y. & Stanton, J., 'The Origin and Value of Disagreement Among Data Labelers: A Case Study of Individual Differences in Hate Speech Annotation' (2022), Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), 13192 LNCS, pp. 425-444
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Sanhueza-Parra, M., 'Discursive approaches to violence against trans women in politics: the case of Emilia Schneider and Constanza Valdés’ campaign for constituents on Twitter | Aproximaciones discursivas de la violencia contra las mujeres trans en política: el caso de la campaña a constituyentes de Emilia Schneider y Constanza Valdés en Twitter' (2024), Autoctonia, 8, pp. 224–259
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Sanjurjo, V.A., 'Can hateful religious speech for reasons of gender, orientation and sexual identity be considered a hate crime? | [¿Es el discurso religioso odioso por razones de género, orientación e identidad sexual un discurso de odio?]' (2021), Revista de Derecho Politico, (112), pp. 175-214
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Sankaranarayanan, S., Meenakshi, K. & Sandhiya, K., 'Enhanced Cyberbullying Detection Using Named Entity Recognition in Online Social Networks' (2025), Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 1317 LNNS, pp. 339–349
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Sanoussi, M.S.A., Xiaohua, C., Agordzo, G.K., Guindo, M.L., Al Omari, A.M.M.A. & Issa, B.M., 'Detection of Hate Speech Texts Using Machine Learning Algorithm' (2022), 2022 IEEE 12th Annual Computing and Communication Workshop and Conference, CCWC 2022, pp. 266-273
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Santamaría-Velascoa, F. & Ortiz, A.R., 'Hatred Expressives Institutionalized in Colombian Political Discourse. An Analysis of ‘Guerrilero’, ‘Castrochavista’, ‘Vándalo’ and ‘Gente de Bien’ | Expressões de ódio institucionalizados no discurso político colombiano. Uma análise sobre ‘guerrilheiro’, ‘castrochavista’, vândalo’ e ‘gente de bem’' (2023), Signo y Pensamiento, 42
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Santana, B.S., Vanin, A.A. & Wives, L.K., 'Sexist Hate Speech: Identifying Potential Online Verbal Violence Instances' (2022), Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), 13208 LNAI, pp. 177-187
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Santhiya, S., Uma, S., Abinaya, N., Jayadharshini, P., Priyanka, S. & Dharshini, M.N., 'A Comparative Exploration in Text Classification for Hate Speech and Offensive Language Detection Using BERT-Based and GloVe Embeddings' (2024), 2024 2nd International Conference on Disruptive Technologies, ICDT 2024, pp. 1506–1509
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Santos, A.R.S.D., Rodrigues, C.M.D.O. & De Melo, H.B.S, 'Identifying Xenophobia in Twitter Posts Using Support Vector Machine with TF/IDF Strategy' (2022), ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, Par F180474, 37
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Santos, D.L., 'Negative campaigning. Comparative analysis of the hate speech broadcast by Catalonian political leaders on their official Twitter accounts and television | Negatividad en procesos electorales. Análisis comparative del discurso de odio difundido por los líderes politicos catalanes en su cuenta oficial de Twitter y en televisión' (2023), Doxa Comunicacion, 2023(37)
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Santos, F., Sousa, J.M.C. & Vieira, S.M., 'Topic Modeling for Enhancing Transformers Hate Speech Detection' (2025), Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 1175 LNNS, pp. 223–234
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Santos, G.L., dos Santos, V.G., Kearns, C., Sinclair, G., Black, J., Doidge, M., Fletcher, T., Kilvington, D., Endo, P.T., Liston, K. & Lynn, T., 'Kicking Prejudice: Large Language Models for Racism Classification in Soccer Discourse on Social Media' (2024), Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), 14663 LNCS, pp. 547–562
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Santos, R.B., Matos, B.C., Carvalho, P., Batista, F. & Ribeiro, R., 'Semi-Supervised Annotation of Portuguese Hate Speech Across Social Media Domains' (2022), OpenAccess Series in Informatics, 104, 11
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Santosa, H., Rachman, F., Austen, S.A., Christianto & Girsang, A.S., 'IndoBERT for classifying hate speech in Twitter' (2024), AIP Conference Proceedings, 3026(1), 050015
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Sanya, A.D. & Suadaa, L.H., 'Handling Imbalanced Dataset on Hate Speech Detection in Indonesian Online News Comments' (2022), 2022 10th International Conference on Information and Communication Technology, ICoICT 2022, pp. 380-385
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Saqia, B., Khan, K. & Ur Rahman, A., 'Identifying immoral posts on social media platforms: a review' (2025), International Journal of Data Mining Modelling and Management, 17(3), pp. 296–333
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Saqia, B., Khan, K., Ur Rahman, A., Ullah Khan, S., Alkhowaiter, M., Khan, W. & Ullah, A., 'Enhancing Immoral Post Detection on Social Networks Using Knowledge Graph and Attention-Based BiLSTM Framework' (2024), IEEE Access, 12, pp. 178345–178361
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Sardo, A., 'Hate Speech: A Pragmatic Assessment of the European Court of Human Rights’ Jurisprudence' (2022), European Convention on Human Rights Law Review, 4(1), pp. 58-99
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Sari, T.I., Ardilla, Z.N., Hayatin, N. & Maskat, R., 'Abusive comment identification on Indonesian social media data using hybrid deep learning' (2022), IAES International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, 11(3), pp. 895-904
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Sarikakis, K., Gudkova, O., Buvač, N., Marinkovic, A. & Ametova, G., 'Giving up on the law? The disconnect of hate speech policy and female journalists’ experiences' (2025), Feminist Media Studies [online]
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Sarikakis, K., Kassa, B.E., Fenz, N., Goldschmitt S., Kasser, J. & Nowotarski, L., '“My haters and I”: Personal and political responses to hate speech against female journalists in Austria' (2021), Feminist Media Studies [online]
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Sarker, M., Hossain, M.F., Liza, F.R., Sakib, S.N. & Al Farooq, A., 'A Machine Learning Approach to Classify Anti-social Bengali Comments on Social Media' (2022), 2022 International Conference on Advancement in Electrical and Electronic Engineering, ICAEEE 2022
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Särmä, S., 'Underbelly: Making Online Hate Visible' (2020), New Perspectives, 28(1), pp. 128-141
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Sarmiento, Á.G., Martínez, V.C. & Villa Gracia, A.D., 'Artificial Intelligence Applied to the Analysis of Hate Speech: Trump´s and Biden During the Capitol Attack in Washington D.C. | INTELIGENCIA ARTIFICIAL APLICADA AL ANÁLISIS DE DISCURSOS DE ODIO: Trump y Biden durante el asalto al Capitolio en Washington D.C.' (2025), Street Art and Urban Creativity, 11(4), pp. 137–149
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Sarmiento, H., Ortiz, J., Bravo-Marquez, F., Santos, M. & Valenzuela, S., 'A Comparative Analysis of Offensive Discourse in the 2021 Chilean Presidential Campaign on Twitter and WhatsApp' (2024), Proceedings 2024 IEEE WIC International Conference on Web Intelligence and Intelligent Agent Technology, WI IAT 2024, pp. 62–69
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Sarower, A.H., Islam, S., Akhter, S., Chakraborty, N.R., Siddiquee, S.M.T. & Bhuiyan, T., 'Respectful Social Engagement: Facebook Hate Speech Classification for Bengali Language' (2025), Proceedings of the 2025 12th International Conference on Computing for Sustainable Global Development, INDIACom 2025
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Sasidaran, K. & Geetha, J., 'Multimodal Hate Speech Detection using Fine-Tuned Llama 2 Model' (2024), International Conference on Intelligent Algorithms for Computational Intelligence Systems, IACIS 2024
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Satapathy, S., Gopal, K.M. & Kar, B., 'A Multi-Task LSTM Approach for Comprehensive Detection of Emotion, Hate Speech, and Violence in Text' (2025), Proceedings of 2025 International Conference on Emerging Trends in Industry 4.0 Technologies, ICETI4T 2025
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Sathishkumar, R., Govindarajan, M., Deepankumar, R., 'Hate Speech Detection in Social Media Using Ensemble Method in Classifiers' (2024), Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 915, pp. 209–222
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