Publications: Hate speech
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Al Ghamdi, M.A., Bhatti, M.S., Saeed, A., Gillani, Z. & Almotiri, S.H., 'A fusion of BERT, machine learning and manual approach for fake news detection' (2023), Multimedia Tools and Applications [online]
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Al Ghozali, I.H., Pirman, A. & Indra, I., 'Comparison of SVM and Naïve Bayes Algorithms with InNER Enriched to Predict Hate Speech' (2023), El-Cezeri Journal of Science and Engineering, 10(3), pp. 600–611
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Al Maruf, A., Abidin, A.J., Haque, M.M., Jiyad, Z.M., Golder, A., Alubady, R. & Aung, Z., 'Hate speech detection in the Bengali language: a comprehensive survey' (2024), Journal of Big Data, 11(1), 97
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Al Serhan, F. & Elareshi, M., 'University Students’ Awareness of Social Media Use and Hate Speech in Jordan' (2019), International Journal of Cyber Criminology, 13(2), pp. 548-563
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Al Shamiri, S.M.K., 'A Critical Stylistic Study of Cyber Trolls’ Comments on the Al-Jazeera Arabic TV Channel’s YouTube Videos Concerning the Israeli-Iranian 2024 Conflict' (2025), Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 15(8), pp. 2547–2557
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Al Sharoufi, H. & Sultan, A.E., 'Multilingual Hate Speech Analysis on Facebook: A Comparative Study in English, Arabic, and Romanian' (2025), International Journal of Society, Culture and Language, 13(1), pp. 103–120
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Al-Ansari, N., Al-Thani, D. & Bahameish, M., 'The Influence of Social Networking Usage Experience and Activity on Preferences of Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) Representation Methods in a Hate Speech Detection System' (2025), Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), 15437 LNCS, pp. 67–77
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Al-Badayneh, D.M., 'Prevalence, Viewpoints, and Encounters with Cyberterrorism among College Students' (2024), Journal of Ecohumanism, 3(3), pp. 1266–1278
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Al-Dabet, S., Elmassry, A., Alomar, B. & Alshamsi, A., 'Transformer-based Arabic Offensive Speech Detection' (2023), 2023 International Conference on Emerging Smart Computing and Informatics, ESCI 2023
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Al-Dala’in, T. & Zhao, J.H.S., 'Overview of the Benefits Deep Learning Can Provide Against Fake News, Cyberbullying and Hate Speech' (2023), Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 721 LNNS, pp. 13–27
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Al-Daoud, E., Samara, G., Sara, M.R.A., Taqatqa, S. & Kanan, M., 'Exploring the Effectiveness of Different Embedding Methods for Toxicity Classification' (2024), Studies in Systems, Decision and Control, 528, pp. 233–241
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Al-Harigy, L.M., Al-Nuaim, H.A., Moradpoor, N. & Tan, Z., 'Building towards Automated Cyberbullying Detection: A Comparative Analysis' (2022), Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience, 2022, 4794227
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Al-Hassan, A. & Al-Dossari, H., 'Detection of hate speech in Arabic Tweets using deep learning' (2021), Multimedia Systems [online]
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Al-Hussaeni, K., Sameer, M. & Karamitsos, I., 'The Impact of Data Pre-Processing on Hate Speech Detection in a Mix of English and Hindi–English (Code-Mixed) Tweets' (2023), Applied Sciences (Switzerland), 13(19), 11104
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Al-Ibrahim, R.M., Ali, M.Z. & Najadat, H.M., 'Detection of Hateful Social Media Content for Arabic Language' (2023), ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing, 22(9), 3592792
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Al-Jarrah, H., Al-Smadi, M., Hammad, M. & Shannaq, F., 'Using Deep Learning Techniques to Detect Hate and Abusive Language in Arabic Tweets' (2024), International Journal of Intelligent Engineering and Systems, 17(5), pp. 553–569
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Al-Khalifa, S., Aljarah, I. & Abushariah, M.A.M., 'Hate Speech Classification in Arabic Tweets' (2020), Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology, 98(11), pp. 1816-1831
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Al-Mahrouky, M.M., 'Hate Crimes and Freedom of Speech' (2023), Migration Letters, 20(S1), pp. 1013–1019
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Al-Makhadmeh, Z., Tolba, A., 'Automatic Hate Speech Detection Using Killer Natural Language Processing Optimizing Ensemble Deep Learning Approach' (2019), Computing [online]
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Al-Mashhadani, A., Awajan, S., El-Bouri, S. & Atiani, S., 'Leveraging Contextualized and Word Embeddings for Arabic Hate Speech Detection' (2025), 2025 International Conference on New Trends in Computing Sciences, ICTCS 2025, pp. 440–445
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Al-Onaizan, Y., Bansal, M. & Chen, Y.-N. (Eds.), 'Proceedings of the 2024 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, EMNLP 2024' (2024), Association for Computational Linguistics, Miami, FL, USA (November 2024)
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Al-Rawi, A., 'Hashtagged Trolling and Emojified Hate against Muslims on Social Media' (2022), Religions, 13(6), 521
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Al-Rawi, A., 'Telegramming Hate: Far-Right Themes on Dark Social Media' (2021), Canadian Journal of Communication, 46(4), pp. 821-851
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Al-Rawi, A., 'Online Hate on Social Media' (2024), Cham: Palgrave Macmillan
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Al-Rawi, A. & Kim, T., 'Journalists’ Views and Management of Dark Participation' (2023), Communication Studies [online]
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Al-Rawi, A., Siddiqi, M. & Al-Musalli, A., 'Abusive Metajournalistic Discourse Towards Journalists on Social Media' (2024), Journalism Studies [online]
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Al-Sabbagh, R. & Sarhan, N.N., 'The Role of Perceived Self–Other Similarity in Mitigating Arabic X Hate Speech During Pandemics' (2025), Journal of Language and Discrimination, 9(1), pp. 109–135
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Al-Saqqa, S., Awajan, A. & Hammo, B., 'A Survey of Hate Speech Detection for Arabic Social Media: Methods and Datasets' (2024), Procedia Computer Science, 251, pp. 224–231
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Al-Saqqa, S., Awajan, A. & Hammo, B., 'Performance Comparison of Word2Vec Models for Detecting Arabic Hate Speech on Social Networks' (2022), 2022 International Conference on Emerging Trends in Computing and Engineering Applications, ETCEA 2022 – Proceedings
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Al-Saqqa, S., Awajan, A. & Hammo, B., 'Hate speech detection in Arabic social networks using deep learning and fine-tuned embeddings' (2025), International Journal of Data and Network Science, 9(3), pp. 587–600
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AL-Sukhani, H., Bsoul, Q., Elhawary, A.H., Nasr, Z.M., Mansour, A.E., Batyha, R.M., Alqadi, B.S., Alqurni, J.S., Alfagham, H. & Madbouly, M.M., 'Multilingual Hate Speech Detection: Innovations in Optimized Deep Learning for English and Arabic Hate Speech Detection' (2025), SN Computer Science, 6(3), 205
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Alabdulrahman, M., Alotaibi, L., Latif, G. & Alghazo, J., 'Arabic Offense Text Detection in Social Networks using Collaborative Machine Learning' (2024), 2024 6th International Symposium on Advanced Electrical and Communication Technologies, ISAECT 2024
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Alaburić, V., 'Legal concept of hate speech and jurisprudence of the European court of human rights' (2018), Politicka Misao, 55(4), pp. 230-252
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Alam, F., Biswas, M.R., Shah, U., Zaghouani, W. & Mikros, G., 'Propaganda to Hate: A Multimodal Analysis of Arabic Memes with Multi-agent LLMs' (2025), Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), 15440 LNCS, pp. 380–390
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Alamgir, R.M. & Haque, A., 'Team CentreBack at BLP-2023 Task 1: Analyzing performance of different machine-learning based methods for detecting violence-inciting texts in Bangla' (2023), BLP 2023 - 1st Workshop on Bangla Language Processing, Proceedings of the Workshop, pp. 208–213
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Alatawi, H.S., Alhothali, A.M. & Moria, K.M., 'Detecting White Supremacist Hate Speech Using Domain Specific Word Embedding with Deep Learning and BERT' (2021), IEEE Access, 9, 9497095, pp. 106363-106374
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Alava, S. & Bravo-Villasante, M.Á., 'The Misogynistic Machosphere: A Transdisciplinary Study of Antifeminist and Masculinist Discourses Online | La machosphère misogyne: une étude transdisciplinaire des discours antiféministes et masculinistes en ligne' (2025), Essachess Journal for Communication Studies, 18(1), pp. 193–213
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Albadi, N., Kurdi, M. & Mishra, S., 'Deradicalizing YouTube: Characterization, Detection, and Personalization of Religiously Intolerant Arabic Videos' (2022), Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 6(CSCW2), 505
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Albadi, N., Kurdi, M. & Mishra, S., 'Hateful People or Hateful Bots? Detection and Characterization of Bots Spreading Religious Hatred in Arabic Social Media' (2019), Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 3(CSCW)
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Albadi, N., Kurdi, M., Mishra, S., 'Investigating the Effect of Combining GRU Neural Networks With Handcrafted Features for Religious Hatred Detection on Arabic Twitter Space' (2019), Social Network Analysis and Mining, 9(1),41
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Albanese, F., Feuerstein, E., Lombardi, L. & Balenzuela, P., 'Characterizing community-changing users using text mining and graph machine learning on Twitter' (2023), CEUR Workshop Proceedings, 3409
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Albanyan, A. & Blanco, E., 'Pinpointing Fine-Grained Relationships between Hateful Tweets and Replies' (2022), Proceedings of the 36th AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, AAAI 2022, 36, pp. 10418-10426
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Albanyan, A., Hassan, A. & Blanco, E., 'Not All Counterhate Tweets Elicit the Same Replies: A Fine-Grained Analysis' (2023), Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pp. 71–88
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Albelda, J.S. & Infantes, A.T., 'The Socio-ideological Basis of Misogynistic Hate Speech: A quantitative reading of Valencian men | A base ideológico-social do discurso de ódio misógino: uma leitura quantitativa dos homens valencianos' (2023), Ex Aequo, (48), pp. 107–124
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Alberti, C.T. & Morris, L., 'Online Toxic Communication about the Accounting Academic Job Market' (2024), Accounting Horizons, 38(1), pp. 7–26
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Albladi, A., Islam, M., Das, A., Bigonah, M., Zhang, Z., Jamshidi, F., Rahgouy, M., Raychawdhary, N., Marghitu, D. & Seals, C., 'Hate Speech Detection Using Large Language Models: A Comprehensive Review' (2025), IEEE Access, 13, pp. 20871–20892
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Albrecht, J.N., Endrass, J., Dreifuss, M.S., Schnyder, N. & Rossegger, A., 'Prevalence and Impact of Hate Speech among Politicians in Switzerland' (2024), Societies, 14(7), 98
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Albuquerque, R. & Alves, S.D.C., '“O Feminismo Finalmente Venceu” [Feminism Finally Won]: Misogynistic and Antifeminist Metapragmatics Disguised as Freedom of Expression | “O feminismo finalmente venceu”: metapragmáticas misóginas e antifeministas disfarçadas de liberdade de expressão' (2024), Bakhtiniana, 19(4), e64702e
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Alcacer-Guirao, R. & Fouce, H., 'Toxic emotions in the new public sphere: Media controversies and hate discourse | [Emociones tóxicas en la nueva esfera pública: Controversias mediáticas y discurso del odio]' (2021), Revista Mediterranea de Comunicacion, 11(2), pp. 123-135
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Alcántara-Plá, M., 'Understanding emotions in hate speech: A methodology for discourse analysis' (2024), Discourse and Society [online]
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