Publications: Hate speech
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Sari, T.I., Ardilla, Z.N., Hayatin, N. & Maskat, R., 'Abusive comment identification on Indonesian social media data using hybrid deep learning' (2022), IAES International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, 11(3), pp. 895-904
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Sarikakis, K., Gudkova, O., Buvač, N., Marinkovic, A. & Ametova, G., 'Giving up on the law? The disconnect of hate speech policy and female journalists’ experiences' (2025), Feminist Media Studies [online]
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Sarikakis, K., Kassa, B.E., Fenz, N., Goldschmitt S., Kasser, J. & Nowotarski, L., '“My haters and I”: Personal and political responses to hate speech against female journalists in Austria' (2021), Feminist Media Studies [online]
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Sarker, M., Hossain, M.F., Liza, F.R., Sakib, S.N. & Al Farooq, A., 'A Machine Learning Approach to Classify Anti-social Bengali Comments on Social Media' (2022), 2022 International Conference on Advancement in Electrical and Electronic Engineering, ICAEEE 2022
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Särmä, S., 'Underbelly: Making Online Hate Visible' (2020), New Perspectives, 28(1), pp. 128-141
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Sarmiento, H., Ortiz, J., Bravo-Marquez, F., Santos, M. & Valenzuela, S., 'A Comparative Analysis of Offensive Discourse in the 2021 Chilean Presidential Campaign on Twitter and WhatsApp' (2024), Proceedings 2024 IEEE WIC International Conference on Web Intelligence and Intelligent Agent Technology, WI IAT 2024, pp. 62–69
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Sasidaran, K. & Geetha, J., 'Multimodal Hate Speech Detection using Fine-Tuned Llama 2 Model' (2024), International Conference on Intelligent Algorithms for Computational Intelligence Systems, IACIS 2024
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Sathishkumar, R., Govindarajan, M., Deepankumar, R., 'Hate Speech Detection in Social Media Using Ensemble Method in Classifiers' (2024), Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 915, pp. 209–222
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Sathishkumar, R., Karthikeyan, T., Praveen, K.P. & Shamsundar, S.M., 'Ensemble Text Classification with TF-IDF Vectorization for Hate Speech Detection in Social Media' (2023), 2023 International Conference on System, Computation, Automation and Networking, ICSCAN 2023
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Sato, M., 'A Digital Turn: Recognizing Asian Gendered Resistance During the COVID-19 Pandemic' (2022), ACME, 21(3), pp. 303-310
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Sato, A., 'Sanitising Social Media and the Production of Non-political Creative Content' (2022), Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology, 23(1), pp. 78-96
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Satyanarayana, K., 'Caste violence: Free speech or atrocity?' (2019), in P.K. Malreddy, A.S. Purakayastha & B. Heidemann (Eds.) Violence in South Asia: Contemporary Perspectives (pp. 37-51), London & New York: Routledge
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Saud, J. & Mozin, N., 'Hate speech law and its analysis on technological information manipulation' (2022), AIP Conference Proceedings, 2573, 040003-1
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Saufi, N.N.M., Kamaruddin, S. & Upadhyay, N.K., 'Policing Cyber Hate: A Comparative Analysis Between Malaysia and India' (2022), Indian Journal of Law and Justice, 13(2), pp. 29-49
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Saufi, N.N.M., Kamaruddin, S., Mohammad, A.M., Jabar, N.A.A., Rosli, W.R.W. & Talib, Z.M., 'Disruptive AI Technology and Hate Speech: A Legal Redress in Malaysia' (2023), 2023 International Conference on Disruptive Technologies, ICDT 2023, pp. 759–763
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Saumer, M., Koban, K. & Matthes, J., 'Digital She-nanigans: Social media users’ response toward online hostilities targeting a female science communicator with marginalized identities' (2025), New Media and Society, 14614448251342242
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Saumya, S., Kumar, A. & Singh, J.P., 'Filtering offensive language from multilingual social media contents: A deep learning approach' (2024), Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, 133, 108159
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Sawant, M., Qureshi, M.A., Younus, A. & Caton, S., 'Using Explainable AI (XAI) for Identification of Subjectivity in Hate Speech Annotations for Low-Resource Languages' (2024), OASIS 2024 - Proceedings of the 2024 Workshop on Open Challenges in Online Social Media, Held in conjunction with the 35th ACM Conference on Hypertext and Social Media, HT 2024, pp. 10–17
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Saxena, S., Dixit, A.K. & Memoria, M., 'A Study of Web 3.0 Blockchain and Natural Learning Process Programming Study: Hate Discourse Detection' (2023), Proceedings of International Conference on Contemporary Computing and Informatics, IC3I 2023, pp. 142–146
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Saxena, S., Dixit, A.K., Kaur, G. & Roy, R., 'Using AI & ML Algorithms to Investigate Internet-Based Hate Speeches with International Legal Perspective' (2025), Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 1139, pp. 101–111
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Saxena, S., Dixit, A.K., Pandey, S., Pachouri, V., Aluvala, S. & Juyal, A., 'Examining Internet-based Hate Crime Through Artificial Intelligence' (2024), Proceedings - 2024 3rd International Conference on Sentiment Analysis and Deep Learning, ICSADL 2024, pp. 158–163
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Sazany, E. & Budi, I., 'Hate Speech Identification in Text Written in Indonesian With Recurrent Neural Network' (2019), 2019 International Conference on Advanced Computer Science and Information Systems, ICACSIS 2019, 8979959, pp. 211-216
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Scahill, A., 'Can hate speech be free speech?' (1994), Australasian Gay and Lesbian Law Journal, 4, 1
Scaramuzzino, G., 'Shrinking or expanding access to civic space? The consequences of hate speech, threats and harassment within Swedish civil society' (2023), Journal of Civil Society [online]
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Schäfer, S., Rebasso, I., Boyer, M.M. & Planitzer, A.M., 'Can We Counteract Hate? Effects of Online Hate Speech and Counter Speech on the Perception of Social Groups' (2023), Communication Research [online]
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Schäfer, S., Sülflow, M. & Reiners, L., 'Hate Speech as an Indicator for the State of the Society: Effects of Hateful User Comments on Perceived Social Dynamic' (2021), Journal of Media Psychology [online]
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Scharwächter, E. & Müller, E., 'Does Terrorism Trigger Online Hate Speech? On the Association of Events and Time Series' (2020), Annals of Applied Statistics, 14(3), pp. 1285-1303
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Schauer, F., 'Messages, motives, and hate crimes' (1992), Criminal Justice Ethics, 11(2), pp.52-54
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Schicchi, D., Upadhyaya, A., Fisichella, M. & Taibi, D., 'Using ChatGPT to Enhance Students’ Behavior in Social Media via the Moral Foundation Theory' (2023), Proceedings of the First International Workshop on High-performance Artificial Intelligence Systems in Education co-located with 22nd International Conference of the Italian Association for Artificial Intelligence (AIxIA 2023)
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Schinello, S., 'New (Digital) Media in Creative Society: Ethical Issues of Content Moderation | Naujosios (skaitmeninės) medijos kūrybos visuomenėje: turinio moderavimo etiniai klausimai' (2024), Filosofija, Sociologija, 35(1), pp. 67–74
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Schissler, M., 'Beyond Hate Speech and Misinformation: Facebook and the Rohingya Genocide in Myanmar' (2024), Journal of Genocide Research [online]
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Schlag, G., 'European Union’s Regulating of Social Media: A Discourse Analysis of the Digital Services Act' (2023), Politics and Governance, 11(3), pp. 168–177
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Schlag, T., 'Do not be silent about evil: Challenges of a practical theology ready to take on responsibility under digital communication conditions | Vom Bösen nicht schweigen' (2025), Zeitschrift Fur Theologie Und Kirche, 122(2), pp. 222–248
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Schlegel, L. & Kowert, R. (Eds.), 'Gaming and Extremism: The Radicalization of Digital Playgrounds' (2024), New York: Routledge
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Schlegel, L., Wiegold, L., Winkler, C. & Junk, J., 'Exploring the digital extremist ecosystem: a preliminary analysis of hateful posts on Mod DB' (2024), Frontiers in Psychology, 15, 1502098
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Schlicht, I.B., Fernandez, E., Chulvi, B. & Rosso, P., 'Automatic detection of health misinformation: a systematic review' (2023), Automatic detection of health misinformation: a systematic review’ (2023), Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing [online]
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Schmid, U.K., 'Humorous hate speech on social media: A mixed-methods investigation of users’ perceptions and processing of hateful memes' (2023), New Media and Society [online]
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Schmid, U.K., 'Humorous hate speech on social media: A mixed-methods investigation of users’ perceptions and processing of hateful memes' (2025), New Media and Society, 27(3), pp. 1588–1606
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Schmid, U.K., Kümpel, A.S. & Rieger, D., 'Social Media Users’ Motives for (Not) Engaging With Hate Speech: An Explorative Investigation' (2024), Social Media and Society, 10(4)
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Schmid, U.K., Kümpel, A.S. & Rieger, D., 'How social media users perceive different forms of online hate speech: A qualitative multi-method study' (2022), New Media and Society [online]
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Schmid, U.K., Obermaier, M. & Rieger, D., 'Who cares? How personal political characteristics are related to online counteractions against hate speech' (2024), Human Communication Research, 50(3), pp. 393–403
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Schmitz, M., Muric, G. & Burghardt, K., 'Quantifying How Hateful Communities Radicalize Online Users' (2022), Proceedings of the 2022 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining, ASONAM 2022, pp. 139-146
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Schmitz, M., Muric, G., Hickey, D. & Burghardt, K., 'Do users adopt extremist beliefs from exposure to hate subreddits?' (2024), Social Network Analysis and Mining, 14(1), 22
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Schoenebeck, S., Lampe, C. & Triệu, P., 'Online Harassment: Assessing Harms and Remedies' (2023), Social Media and Society, 9(1)
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Schulz-Tomančok, A. & Woschnagg, F., 'Credibility at stake. A comparative analysis of different hate speech comments on journalistic credibility and support on climate protection measures' (2024), Cogent Social Sciences, 10(1), 2367092
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Schuppener, G., 'The Germanic Tribes, the Gods and the German Far Right Today' (2022), London: Routledge
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Schuppener, G., 'Nibelung Adaptations in Right-wing Extremism | Nibelungen-Adaptionen im Rechtsextremismus' (2024), Litera (Turkey), 34(1), pp. 157–180
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Schuppener, G., 'Forms and Functions of Reich Citizens’ Letters to Authorities | Formen und Funktionen reichsbürgerlicher Schreiben an Behörden' (2023), Aussiger Beitrage, 17, pp. 33–54
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Schutte, S., Karell, D. & Barrett, R., 'Online speech and communal conflict: Evidence from India' (2025), Pnas Nexus, 4(5), pgaf149
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Schwoon, B., 'Navigating grand societal challenges through meta-consensus: combating online hate speech through collective action in multistakeholder initiatives' (2025), Academy of Management Perspectives, 39(1), pp. 125–151
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