Publications: Defining hate crime
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Jenness, V., 'The emergence, content, and institutionalization of hate crime law: How a diverse policy community produced a modern legal fact' (2007), Annual Review of Law and Social Science, 3, pp.141-160
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Jenness, V., 'Engendering hate crime law' (2013), Sex Roles, 68(5-6), pp.390-393
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Jenness, V. & Broad, K., 'Hate crimes: New social movements and the politics of violence' (1997), Hawthorne, NY: Aldine de Gruter
Johnson, A. (Ed.), 'Mapping the New Left Antisemitism: The Fathom Essays' (2023), London: Routledge
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Kahan, D.M., 'Two liberal fallacies in the hate crimes debate' (2001), Law and Philosophy, 20(2), pp.175-193
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Kalunta-Crumpton, A., 'What exactly is a hate crime in the United States (US)? A review of hate crime in five US cities' (2024), Safer Communities [online]
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Kamenova, I. & Perliger, A., 'Online hate crimes' (2023), in D. Hummer & J. Byrne (Eds.) Handbook on Crime and Technology (pp. 278-302), Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing
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Kane, K., 'Fostering a victim centred approach to hate crime in Scotland' (2017), Victim Support Scotland
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Kansok-Dusche, J., Ballaschk, C., Krause, N., Zeißig, A., Seemann-Herz, L., Wachs, S. & Bilz, L., 'A Systematic Review on Hate Speech among Children and Adolescents: Definitions, Prevalence, and Overlap with Related Phenomena' (2022), Trauma, Violence, and Abuse [online]
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Kaufman, D.R., 'Renaming violence' (2001), American Behavioral Scientist, 45(4), pp.654-667
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Key Sun, 'The legal definition of hate crime and the hate offender’s distorted cognitions' (2006), Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 27(6), pp.597-604
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Kielinger, V., & Paterson, S., 'Policing hate crime in London' (2007), American Behavioral Scientist, 51(2), pp.196-204
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Kindermann, D., 'Against ‘Hate Speech' (2023), Journal of Applied Philosophy [online]
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Lee, S. & Gilliland, A., 'Evolving Definitions of Hate Speech: The Impact of a Lack of Standardized Definitions' (2024), Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries LecturNotes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), 14597 LNCS, pp. 141–156
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Lepoutre, M., Vilar-Lluch, S., Borg, E. & Hansen, N., 'What is Hate Speech? The Case for a Corpus Approach' (2023), Criminal Law and Philosophy [online]
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Levin, B., 'Hate crimes: Worse by definition' (1999), Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 15(1), pp.6-21
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Levin, B., 'From slavery to hate crime laws: The emergence of race and status based protection in American criminal law' (2002), Journal of Social Issues, 58(2), pp.227-245
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Levin, B., Nolan, J.J. & Perry, B., 'Disrupting the mantra of multiculturalism: Hate crime in Canada' (2015), American Behavioral Scientist, 59(13), pp.1637-1654
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Levin, J. & McDevitt, J., 'Hate crimes: The rising tide of bigotry and bloodshed' (2001), Westview Press Inc.
Levin, J. & McDevitt, J., 'Hate Crimes' (2022), in L.R. Kurtz (Ed.) Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace, & Conflict (Third Edition): Volume 2: Violence and Nonviolence (pp. 28-34), Cambridge, MA: Academic Press
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Liang, C.S., 'Far-Right Contagion: The Global Challenge of Transnational Extremist Networks' (2022), in A.J. Masys (Ed.) Handbook of Security Science (pp. 1001-1037), Cham: Springer
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Lowe, D., 'Far-Right Extremism: Is it Legitimate Freedom of Expression, Hate Crime, or Terrorism?' (2020), Terrorism and Political Violence, pp. 1-21
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Madukwe, K.J. & Gao, X., 'The Thin Line Between Hate and Profanity' (2019), Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), 11919 LNAI, pp. 344-356
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Malecki, W.P., Kowal, M., Dobrowolska, M. & Sorokowski, P., 'Defining Online Hating and Online Haters' (2021), Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 744614
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Malik, M., '‘Racist crime’: Racially aggravated offences in the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 Part II' (1999), Modern Law Review, 62(3), pp.409-424
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Mascitti, M., 'Dogwhistles and Audience Design: A New Definition' (2023), Manuscrito, 46(3), e-2022-0071-R3
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Mason, G., 'A picture of hate crime: Racial and homophobic harassment in the United Kingdom' (2005), Current Issues in Criminal Justice, 17(1), pp.79
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Mason, G., 'Body maps: Envisaging homophobia, violence and safety' (2001), Social and Legal Studies, 10(1), pp.23-44
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Mason, G., 'Hate crime' (2008), in Anthony, T. & Cunneen, C. (2008) The Critical Criminology Companion. Hawkins Press.
Mavhandu-Mudzusi, A.H., Ndou, A., Mamabolo, L., Netshapapame, T., Ngwenya, T., Marebane, A., Mthombeni, A. & Mgolozeli, S.E., 'Terms which LGBTQI+ individuals prefer or hate to be called by' (2023), Heliyon, 9(4), e14990
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May, L. & Strikwerda, R., 'Men in groups: Collective responsibility for rape' (1994), Hypatia, 9(2), pp.134-151
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McDevitt, J. & Iwama, J.A., 'Challenges in measuring and understanding hate crime' (2016), in T.S. Bynum & B.M. Huebner (Eds.), The handbook of measurement issues in criminology and criminal justice, pp.131-159
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McDevitt, J., Levin, J. & Bennett, S., 'Hate crime offenders: An expanded typology' (2002), Journal of Social Issues, 58(2), pp.303-317
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McDonald, D., 'The politics of hate crime: Neoliberal vigilance, vigilantism and the question of paedophilia' (2014), International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy, 3(1), pp.68-80
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McPhail, B.A., 'Hating hate: Policy implications of hate crime legislation' (2000), Social Service Review, 74(4), pp.635-653
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Medoff, M.H., 'Allocation of time and hateful behavior: A theoretical and positive analysis of hate and hate crimes' (1999), The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 58(4), pp.959-973
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Mellos, S.R., '‘Defining and recognising are not the same’: Challenges to tackling hate crime in a performance culture' (2009), British Journal of Community Justice, 7(3)
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Meyer, D., 'Resisting hate crime discourse: Queer and intersectional challenges to neoliberal hate crime laws' (2014), Critical Criminology, 22(1), pp.113-125
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Michaels, E.K., Lam-Hine, T., Nguyen, T.T., Gee, G.C. & Allen, A.M., 'The Water Surrounding the Iceberg: Cultural Racism and Health Inequities' (2023), Milbank Quarterly [online]
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Miller, S., 'Freedom of Political Communication, Propaganda and the Role of Epistemic Institutions in Cyberspace' (2020), International Library of Ethics, Law and Technology, 21, pp. 227-243
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Miller, A.J., 'Student perceptions of hate crimes' (2001), American Journal of Criminal Justice, 25(2), pp.293-307
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Moschel, M., 'Race in mainland European legal analysis: Towards a European critical race theory' (2011), Ethnic and Racial Studies, 34(10), pp.1648-1664
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Murphy, J.G., 'A word on behalf of good haters' (2016), The Hedgehog Review, 18(2)
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Nadal, K.L., Whitman, C.N., Davis, L.S., Erazo, T. & Davidoff, K.C., 'Microaggressions toward lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and genderqueer people: A review of the literature' (2016), Journal of Sex Research, 53(4-5), pp.488-508
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Nagesh, R., 'Hate crime' (2016), Criminal Bar Quarterly, 3(Aut), pp.9-11
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Nearpass, G.R., 'The overlooked constitutional objection and practical concerns to penalty-enhancement provisions of hate crime legislation' (2002), Albany Law Review, 66(2), pp.547-574
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Nencheva, D. & Georgiev, D., 'From Academic Term to Everyday Slur: The Definitions of “Gender” in Two Volumes of the “Dictionary of New Words in the Bulgarian Language”' (2024), Sexuality and Culture [online]
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Niemann, M., Riehle, D.M., Brunk, J. & Becker, J., 'What Is Abusive Language?: Integrating Different Views on Abusive Language for Machine Learning' (2020), Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), 12021 LNCS, pp. 59-73
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Nolan III, James J., McDevitt, J., Cronin, S. & Farrell, A., 'Learning to see hate crimes: A framework for understanding and clarifying ambiguities in hate crime classification' (2004), Criminal Justice Studies: A Critical Journal of Crime, Law and Society, 17(1), pp.91-105
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Nugent, S., Wilkie, M. & Iredale, R., 'Racist violence' (1989), Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology
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