Publications: Law and hate crime
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Landa Gorostiza, J.-M., Garro Carrera, E., Anderez Belategi, M. & Gordon Benito, I. (Eds.), 'Hate Crimes in Comparative Legal Perspective' (2024), Cheltenham, UK & Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing
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Lang, K., 'Vorurteilskriminalität – Eine Untersuchung vorurteilsmotivierter Taten im Strafrecht und deren Verfolgung durch Polizei, Staatsanwaltschaft und Gerichte' (2015), Nomos
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Lange, A., Mayerhofer, K., Porat, D. & Schiffman, L.H. (Eds.), 'Confronting antisemitism in modern media, the legal and political worlds (Volume 5 of An End to Antisemitism!)' (2021), Berlin: De Gruyter
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Lantz, B., Vanden Bosch, M., Wenger, M.R. & Malcom, Z.T., 'Punishing Hate: Examining Individual Variation in Support for Hate Crime Laws' (2024), Crime and Delinquency [online]
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Laverick, W. & Joyce, N.P., 'Reinterpreting the UK Response to Hate Crime' (2020), British Journal of Community Justice, 16(1), pp. 82-102
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Law Commission (Law Com No 213), 'Hate crime: The case for extending the existing offences' (2013), London: Law Commission
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Law Commission (Law Com No 348), 'Hate crime: Should the current offences be extended?' (2014)
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Lawrence, F.M., 'The evolving federal role in bias crime law enforcement and the Hate Crimes Prevention Act of 2007' (2008), Stanford Law & Policy Review, 19(2), pp.251-282
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Lawrence, F.M., 'The hate crime project and its limitations: Evaluating the societal gains and risk in bias crime law enforcement' (2007), Social Consciousness in Legal Decision Making, pp.209-226
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lbertín Carbó, P., Langarita Adiego, J.A. & Grau, J.M., 'Anti-Lgtbi+ Hate Crimes. Opportunities, Limits and Challenges in the Criminal Justice System | [DELITOS DE ODIO ANTI-LGTBI+. OPORTUNIDADES, LÍMITES Y DESAFÍOS EN EL SISTEMA PENAL]' (2022), Revista Espanola de Investigacion Criminologica, 20(2)
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Leader, T., Mullen, B. & Rice, D., 'Complexity and valence in Ethnophaulisms and exclusion of ethnic out-groups: What puts the “hate” into hate speech?' (2009), Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96(1), pp.170-182
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Lee, J., 'Asian Americans, affirmative action & the rise in anti-Asian hate' (2021), Daedalus, 150(2), pp. 180-198
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Lepoutre, M., 'Hateful Counterspeech' (2022), Ethical Theory and Moral Practice [online]
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Lepoutre, M., 'Hate Speech Laws: Expressive Power Is Not the Answer' (2020), Legal Theory [online]
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Lepoutre, M., Vilar-Lluch, S., Borg, E. & Hansen, N., 'What is Hate Speech? The Case for a Corpus Approach' (2023), Criminal Law and Philosophy [online]
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Letouze, P. & Mendes, D.B., 'Positive Semiotics Construction: The Intersectionality of Fat Black Women, from Fatphobia, Through Fat Appraisal to Fat Praise' (2024), International Journal for the Semiotics of Law [online]
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Leung, M., 'Points of departure: Re-examining the discursive formation of the Hate Crime Statistics Act of 1990' (2018), Patterns of Prejudice, 52(1), pp.39-57
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Levin, B., 'The vindication of hate violence victims via criminal and civil adjudications' (2002), Journal of Hate Studies, 1(1), pp. 133-165
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Levin, B., 'Hate crimes: Worse by definition' (1999), Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 15(1), pp.6-21
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Levin, B., 'Reassessing laws on hate violence against the homeless' (2015), American Behavioral Scientist, 59(13), pp.1715-1728
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Levin, B., 'From slavery to hate crime laws: The emergence of race and status based protection in American criminal law' (2002), Journal of Social Issues, 58(2), pp.227-245
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Levin, B. & Levine, K., 'Redistributing Justice' (2024), Columbia Law Review, 124(5), pp. 1531–1594
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Levin, B., & Amster, S., 'Making hate history: Hate crime and policing in America’s most diverse city' (2007), American Behavioral Scientist, 51(2), pp.329-348
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Levin, J. & McDevitt, J., 'Hate Crimes' (2022), in L.R. Kurtz (Ed.) Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace, & Conflict (Third Edition): Volume 2: Violence and Nonviolence (pp. 28-34), Cambridge, MA: Academic Press
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Levin, J., Rabrenovic, G., Ferraro, V., Doran, T., & Methe, D., 'When a crime committed by a teenager becomes a hate crime: Results from two studies' (2007), American Behavioral Scientist, 51(2), pp.246-257
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Leyva, K. J., 'France’s Secularism: Navigating Security and Rights' (2024), Politics and Rights Review (13 June)
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Lieberman, J.D., Arndt, J., Personius, J. & Cook, A., 'Vicarious annihilation: The effect of mortality salience on perceptions of hate crimes' (2001), Law and Human Behaviour, 25(6), pp.547-566
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Liern, G.R., 'Glorification of terrorism: From the De Juana Chaos case to César Strawberry: From reception of the constitutional doctrine in the Supreme Court’s case law | [El enaltecimiento del terrorismo: Desde el caso de Juana Chaos a CÉsar Strawberry. La recepción de la doctrina constitucional en la jurisprudencia del tribunal supremo]' (2020), Revista de Derecho Politico, (109), pp. 191-227
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Liern, G.R., 'Social Networks and Hate Speech: An International Perspective | [Redes Sociales y Discurso del Odio: Perspectiva Internacional]' (2020), Revista de Internet, Derecho y Politica, (31)
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Liern, G.R., '“Democratic memory” versus ideological freedom: retrospective militant democracy │ “Memoria democrática” versus libertad ideológica: la democracia militante retrospectiva' (2023), Revista de Derecho Politico, (118), pp. 121–143
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Lingaas, C., 'Hate Speech and Racialised Discrimination of the Norwegian Sámi: Legal Responses and Responsibility' (2021), Oslo Law Review, 8(2), pp. 88-107
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Liu, Z., Luo, C. & Lu, J., 'Hate speech in the Internet context: Unpacking the roles of Internet penetration, online legal regulation, and online opinion polarization from a transnational perspective' (2023), Information Development [online]
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Lombardi, E. & Sahni, H., 'The Impact of Anti-discrimination Legislation on Transgender People within the USA' (2023), Sexuality Research and Social Policy [online]
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Lopez Valle, V.C.L., Antik, A. & Cavalcante De Lima, E.M.C., 'Facing fake news and hate speech: a new regulatory model for social media | O enfrentamento da desinformação e do discurso de ódio: um novo modelo regulatório para as redes sociais' (2023), Revista Eurolatinoamericana de Derecho Administrativo, 10(1), e239
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López-Gutiérrez, Á., 'Non-verbal communication in hate and sexist speeches: Hate and sexist discourses without words' (2022), VISUAL Review. International Visual Culture Review / Revista Internacional de Cultura, 9
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Lord Bracadale, 'Independent review of hate crime legislation in Scotland: Final report' (2018), Edinburgh, Scotland: The Scottish Government
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Lowe, D., 'Far-Right Extremism: Is it Legitimate Freedom of Expression, Hate Crime, or Terrorism?' (2020), Terrorism and Political Violence, pp. 1-21
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Lowe, D., 'Terrorism, Law and Policy: A Comparative Study (Second Edition)' (2022), London: Routledge
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Lowe, D., 'Hate Crime in Northern Ireland: The Need for Legislation and a Bespoke Version of the Prevent Strategy' (2023), Terrorism and Political Violence [online]
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Löwstedt, A. & Kapidžić, A., 'Communication in Dignity Since Early Antiquity: From Ptahhotep to Current Ethics and International Law' (2023), Journal of Intercultural Communication Research [online]
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Lozano, Á.A., 'Criminal law backed by the European Union for ending hate speech and discrimination | El Derecho penal auspiciado por la Unión Europea para frenar los discursos de odio y la discriminación' (2023), Revista de Internet, Derecho y Politica, (37)
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Lulz, S. & Riegner, M., 'Freedom of expression and hate speech' (2021), in P. Dan & A.K. Thiruvengadam (Eds.) Democratic Constitutionalism in India and the European Union: Comparing the Law of Democracy in Continental Polities (pp. 191-222), Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing
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Lunny, A.M., 'Hate speech, media, and Canadian federal law' (2021), in M. Deflem & D.M.D. Silva (Eds), Media and Law: Between Free Speech and Censorship (Sociology of Crime, Law and Deviance, Vol. 26) (pp. 133-149), Bingley: Emerald Publishing Ltd.
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Lunny, A.M., 'Debating Hate Crime: Language, Legislatures, and the Law in Canada' (2017), Vancouver: UBC Press
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Lunny, A.M., '‘Look, a Faggot!’: The Scopic Economies of Cruising, Queer Bashing and Law' (2013), Social & Legal Studies, 22(2), pp. 231-245
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Lyons, C.J., 'Individual perceptions and the social construction of hate crimes: A factorial survey' (2008), The Social Science Journal, 45(1), pp.107-131
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Maaß, S., Wortelker, J. & Rott, A., 'Evaluating the regulation of social media: An empirical study of the German NetzDG and Facebook' (2024), Telecommunications Policy, 102719
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Macfarlane, E. (Ed.), 'Dilemmas of free expression' (2021), Toronto: University of Toronto Press
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Mačkić, J., 'Proving discriminatory violence at the European Court of Human Rights' (2018), Dordrecht, Netherlands: Brill
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Mačkić, J., 'The European Court of Human Rights and discriminatory violence complaints' (2016), in J. Schweppe & M.A. Walters, The globalization of hate: Internationalizing hate crime? (pp.233-246), Oxford: Oxford University Press
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