Publications: Hate speech
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Rivera-Martín, B. & Martínez de Bartolomé-Rincón, I., 'Analysis of Audiovisual Narrative, Violence and Hate Speech in Children’s Cartoons | Análisis de la narrativa audiovisual, la violencia y el discurso de odio en los dibujos animados infantiles' (2025), European Public and Social Innovation Review, 10
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Rivera-Martín, B., de Bartolomé Rincón, I.M. & López López, P.J., 'Hate speech towards LGTBIQ+ people: Media and social audience' (2022), Prisma Social, 39, pp. 213-233
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Rivo, V.A.S., 'Anti-religious discourse and freedom of speech: the criminal protection of religious feelings | DISCURSO ANTIRRELIGIOSO Y LIBERTAD DE EXPRESIÓN: LA TUTELA PENAL DE LOS SENTIMIENTOS RELIGIOSOS' (2023), Teoria y Realidad Constitucional, (51), pp. 385–415
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Riyadi, S., Andriyani, A.D. & Masyhur, A.M., 'Improving Hate Speech Detection Accuracy Using Hybrid CNN-RNN and Random Oversampling Techniques' (2024), 2024 IEEE Symposium on Industrial Electronics and Applications, ISIEA 2024
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Riyadi, S., Andriyani, A.D., Masyhur, A.M., Damarjati, C. & Solihin, M.I., 'Detection of Indonesian Hate Speech on Twitter Using Hybrid CNN-RNN' (2023), Proceeding - International Conference on Information Technology and Computing 2023, ICITCOM 2023, pp. 352–356
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Riyadi, S., Divayu Andriyani, A. & Noraini Sulaiman, S., 'Improving Hate Speech Detection Using Double-Layers Hybrid CNN-RNN Model on Imbalanced Dataset' (2024), IEEE Access, 12, pp. 159660–159668
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Rizos, G., Hemker, K. & Schuller, B., 'Augment to Prevent: Short-Text Data Augmentation in Deep Learning for Hate-Speech Classification' (2019), International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, Proceedings, pp. 991-1000
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Rizzi, G., Astorino, A., Rosso, P. & Fersini, E., 'Unraveling Disagreement Constituents in Hateful Speech' (2024), Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), 14611 LNCS, pp. 21–29
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Rizzi, G., Gasparini, F., Saibene, A., Rosso, P. & Fersini, E., 'Recognizing misogynous memes: Biased models and tricky archetypes' (2023), Information Processing and Management, 60(5), 103474
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Rizzi, G., Gimeno-Gómez, D., Fersini, E. & Martínez-Hinarejos, C.D., 'PINK at EXIST2024: A Cross-Lingual and Multi-Modal Transformer Approach for Sexism Detection in Memes' (2024), CEUR Workshop Proceedings, 3740, pp. 1177–1186
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Röbel, M., 'Hate Speech und die Grenzen der Kommunikation: Tillichs Fanatismus-Analysen im digitalen Zeitalter' (2022), in C. Danz, M. Dumas, W. Schüßler & B. Wagoner (Eds.) Liminal Spaces and Ethical Challenges: Yearbook 2021/2022 (pp. 93–115), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter
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Roberts, J.M., 'Judith Butler, the Bakhtin Circle and Free Speech: State Hegemony, Race and Grievability in R.A.V. v. St Paul' (2022), Law and Critique [online]
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Robie, D., 'FRONTLINE New Zealand’s 23-day Parliament siege QAnon and how social media disinformation manufactured an ‘alternate reality’' (2022), Pacific Journalism Review, 28(1-2), pp. 105-113
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Robinson, A.N., 'Color-evasive free speech ideology: A conceptual analysis of free speech as racial oppression in U.S. higher education' (2021), Critical Studies in Education [online]
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Robinson, S. & Hiltz, E., 'Platformed misogyny in Depp v Heard: #justiceforjohnny and networked defamation' (2024), Feminist Media Studies [online]
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Robles, J.-M., Guevara, J.-A., Casas-Mas, B. & Gömez, D., 'When negativity is the fuel. Bots and Political Polarization in the COVID-19 debate | [Cuando la negatividad es el combustible. Bots y polarización política en el debate sobre el COVID-19]' (2022), Comunicar, 30(71), pp. 1-12
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Rodriguez, A., 'Problems With a Statement' (2020), First Amendment Studies [online]
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Rodriguez Martinez, P., Martinez Joya, L. & Villegas Lirola, F., 'Hate-Speech Countering by Immigrant and Pro-Immigrant Associations in Almeria (Spain)' (2024), Social Sciences, 13(1), 33
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Rodriguez, A., Chen, Y. & Argueta, C., 'FADOHS: Framework for Detection and Integration of Unstructured Data of Hate Speech on Facebook Using Sentiment and Emotion Analysis' (2022), IEEE Access [online]
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Rodríguez, J.J., de Castro, P.C. & Diez, I.E.S., 'Policies of miscommunication during COVID-19 pandemic in Spain: Manipulation strategies to blame the 8M demonstrations | [Políticas de incomunicación ante la COVID-19 en España: Estrategias de manipulación para la culpabilización de las manifestaciones del 8M]' (2021), Historia y Comunicacion Social, 26, pp. 31-40
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Rodriguez, P., Mendoza, G. & Valenzuela, B.A., 'ICTs as a Means to Incite Bullying, Hatred and Crime' (2023), CEUR Workshop Proceedings, 3691, pp. 426–440
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Rodríguez, S.E., Allende-Cid, H. & Allende, H., 'Detecting Hate Speech in Cross-Lingual and Multi-lingual Settings Using Language Agnostic Representations' (2021), Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), 12702 LNCS, pp. 77-87
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Rodríguez-García, M.Á., Riaño-Martínez, A. & Herranz, S.M., 'URJC-Team at HOPE2023@IberLEF: Multilingual Hope Speech Detection Using Transformers Architecture' (2023), Proceedings of the Iberian Languages Evaluation Forum (IberLEF 2023) co-located with the Conference of the Spanish Society for Natural Language Processing (SEPLN 2023)
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Rodríguez-Sánchez, F., Carrillo-de-Albornoz, J. & Plaza, L., 'Leveraging Unsupervised Task Adaptation and Semi-Supervised Learning With Semantic-Enriched Representations for Online Sexism Detection' (2024), Expert Systems [online]
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Rohith, Y.V.S. & Amanullah, M., 'Improving the Accuracy by Comparing the Gaussian Naive Bayes Algorithm and Logistic Regression for Predicting Hate Speech Recognition' (2024), 2024 15th International Conference on Computing Communication and Networking Technologies, ICCCNT 2024
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Roig, F.J.A., 'An Analytic and Liberal Defense of Freedom of Expression | [Una defensa analítica y liberal de la libertad de expresión]' (2022), Diritto and Questioni Pubbliche, 22(1), pp. 245-252
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Rojszczak, M., 'Online content filtering in EU law – A coherent framework or jigsaw puzzle?' (2022), Computer Law and Security Review, 47, 105739
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Rojszczak, M., 'Data retention in the light of copyright infringements: Protecting the status quo or seeking a third way? (Case C-470/21 La Quadrature du Net II)' (2024), Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law [online]
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Rollnert Liern, G., 'Hate speech: A critical view of the international regulation' (2019), Revista Espanola de Derecho Constitucional, 115, pp. 81-109
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Román-San-Miguel, A., Olivares-García, F.J. & Jiménez-Zafra, S.M., 'Hate speech on Twitter during the Ceuta migration crisis in May 2021 | [El discurso de odio en Twitter durante la crisis migratoria de Ceuta en mayo de 2021]' (2022), Icono14, 20(2)
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Romero, N., 'Punx Up, Bros Down: Defending Free Speech Through Punk Rock Pedagogy' (2020), Educational Philosophy and Theory [online]
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Romero-Vega, R.R., Cumbicus-Pineda, O.M., López-Lapo, R.A. & Neyra-Romero, L.A., 'Detecting Xenophobic Hate Speech in Spanish Tweets Against Venezuelan Immigrants in Ecuador Using Natural Language Processing' (2021), Communications in Computer and Information Science, 1388 CCIS, pp. 312-326
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Romero‐Rodríguez, L.M., Castillo‐Abdul, B. & Cuesta‐Valiño, P., 'The Process of the Transfer of Hate Speech to Demonization and Social Polarization' (2023), Politics and Governance, 11(2), pp. 109-113
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Romim, N., Ahmed, M., Islam, Md.S., Sharma, A.S., Talukder, H. & Amin, M.R., 'BD-SHS: A Benchmark Dataset for Learning to Detect Online Bangla Hate Speech in Different Social Contexts' (2022), 2022 Language Resources and Evaluation Conference, LREC 2022, pp. 5153-5162
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Romža, S., Ferenčíková, S. & Klimek, L., 'Dual Sanctioning of Hate Crimes and Hate Speech as Part of Extremism in the Slovak Republic' (2024), Access to Justice in Eastern Europe, 7(2), pp. 93–111
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Ron, G., Levi, E., Oshri, O. & Shenhav, S.R., 'Factoring Hate Speech: A New Annotation Framework to Study Hate Speech in Social Media' (2023), Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pp. 215–220
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Rosa, C.C.S., Martinez, F.V. & Ishii, R., 'Natural Language Processing Techniques for Hate Speech Evaluation for Brazilian Portuguese' (2023), Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), 14107 LNCS, pp. 104–117
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Rosauro, C.F. & Cuadros, M., 'Hate Speech Detection Against the Mexican Spanish LGBTQ+ Community Using BERT-based Transformers' (2023), Proceedings of the Iberian Languages Evaluation Forum (IberLEF 2023) co-located with the Conference of the Spanish Society for Natural Language Processing (SEPLN 2023)
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Rosga, A.J., 'Deadly words: State power and the entanglement of speech and violence in hate crime' (2001), Law and Critique, 12(3), pp.223-252
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Rosni, T.R., Hasan, M., Mittra, T., Ali, M.S. & Ferdaus, M.H., 'Aggressive Bangla Text Detection Using Machine Learning and Deep Learning Algorithms' (2025), Communications in Computer and Information Science, 2184 CCIS, pp. 174–183
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Röttger, P., Nozza, D., Bianchi, F. & Hovy, D., 'Data-Efficient Strategies for Expanding Hate Speech Detection into Under-Resourced Languages' (2022), Proceedings of the 2022 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, EMNLP 2022, pp. 5674-5691
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Roussos, G. & Dovidio, J.F., 'Hate speech is in the eye of the beholder: The influence of racial attitudes and freedom of speech beliefs on perceptions of racially motivated threats of violence' (2018), Social Psychological and Personality Science [online]
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Rowbottom, J., 'A thumb on the scale: measures short of a prohibition to combat hate speech' (2022), Journal of Media Law [online]
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Rowe, M., Lewis, R. & Wiper, C., 'Misogyny online: Extending the boundaries of hate crime' (2018), Journal of Gender-Based Violence [online]
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Roy, P.K., 'MMFFHS: Multi-Modal Feature Fusion for Hate Speech Detection on Social Media' (2024), IEEE Transactions on Big Data [online]
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Roy, P.K. & Kumar, A., 'Ensuring safety in digital spaces: Detecting code-mixed hate speech in social media posts' (2025), Data and Knowledge Engineering, 156, 102409
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Roy, P.K., Bhawal, S. & Subalalitha, C.N., 'Hate speech and offensive language detection in Dravidian languages using deep ensemble framework' (2022), Computer Speech and Language, 75, 101386
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Roy, P.K., Tripathy, A.K., Das, T.K. & Gao, X.-Z., 'A framework for hate speech detection using deep convolutional neural network' (2020), IEEE Access, 8, 204951, pp. 204951-204962
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Roy, S.S., Roy, A., Samui, P., Gandomi, M. & Gandomi, A.H., 'Hateful Sentiment Detection in Real-Time Tweets: An LSTM-Based Comparative Approach' (2023), IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems [online]
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Roychowdhury, S. & Gupta, V., 'Data-Efficient Methods For Improving Hate Speech Detection' (2023), EACL 2023 - 17th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Findings of EACL 2023, pp. 125-132
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