Publications: Responses to hate crime
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Redish, M.H., 'Freedom of thought as freedom of expression: Hate crime sentencing enhancement and first amendment theory' (1992), Criminal Justice Ethics, 11(2), pp.29-42
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Reid, S.F. & Smith, R.G., 'Regulating racial hatred' (1998), Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice, 79, pp.1-6
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Ren, J. & Feagin, J., 'Face Mask Symbolism in Anti-Asian Hate Crimes' (2020), Ethnic and Racial Studies [online]
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Reneau, C.-M. & Villarreal, M.A. (Eds.), 'Handbook of research on leading higher education transformation with social justice, equity, and inclusion' (2021), Hershey, PA: IGI Global
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Reuss & S. Stetter (Eds.), 'Social Media and Peacebuilding: How Digital Spaces Shape Conflict and Peace' (2024), Cham: Palgrave Macmillan
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Reza El Akbar, R., Shofa, R.N., Paripurna, M.I. & Supratman, 'The Implementation of Naïve Bayes Algorithm for Classifying Tweets Containing Hate Speech with Political Motive' (2019), ICSECC 2019 - International Conference on Sustainable Engineering and Creative Computing: New Idea, New Innovation Proceedings, 8907208, pp. 144-148
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Rich, G.J., Kuriansky, J., Gielen, U.P. & Kaplin, D. (Eds.), 'Psychosocial Experiences and Adjustment of Migrants: Coming to the USA' (2023), Cambridge, MA: Academic Press
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Richardson, J.E., Giraud, E.H., Poole, E. & de Quincey, E., '‘Hypocrite!’ Affective and argumentative engagement on Twitter, following the Christchurch terrorist attack' (2024), Media, Culture and Society [online]
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Rios-Campos, P., Rodríguez-Ávila, N. & Rodríguez-Martinez, P., 'Socials Theories of Hate: Geopolitical Analysis and Pedagogical Approaches | Teorías Sociales del Odio: Análisis Geopolítico y Enfoques Pedagógicos para Contrarrestarlo' (2025), HSE Social and Education History, 14(1), pp. 70–90
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Roberts, N., Donovan, C. & Durey, M., 'Students’ help-seeking for experiences of interpersonal violence: How can universities respond?' (2023), Criminology and Criminal Justice [online]
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Roca-Trenchs, N., López-Borrull, A. & Lalueza, F., 'Combating hate speech on Twitch: exploratory analysis of content moderation challenges | Combater o discurso de ódio no Twitch: análise exploratória dos desafios da moderação de conteúdos' (2025), Austral Comunicacion, 14(2), e01423
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Rodrigo Jusué, I., 'Counter-terrorism training “at your kitchen table”: the promotion of “CT citizens” and the securitisation of everyday life in the UK' (2021), Critical Studies on Terrorism [online]
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Rodriguez, S.M., 'Queer abolitionist alternatives to criminalising hate violence' (2021), in M.J. Coyle & D. Scott (Eds), The Routledge International Handbook of Penal Abolition, London: Routledge
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Rodríguez Madera, S.L., 'From Necropraxis to Necroresistance: Transgender Experiences in Latin America' (2020), Journal of Interpersonal Violence [online]
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Rodriguez Martinez, P., Martinez Joya, L. & Villegas Lirola, F., 'Hate-Speech Countering by Immigrant and Pro-Immigrant Associations in Almeria (Spain)' (2024), Social Sciences, 13(1), 33
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Rodríguez-García, M.Á., Riaño-Martínez, A. & Herranz, S.M., 'URJC-Team at HOPE2023@IberLEF: Multilingual Hope Speech Detection Using Transformers Architecture' (2023), Proceedings of the Iberian Languages Evaluation Forum (IberLEF 2023) co-located with the Conference of the Spanish Society for Natural Language Processing (SEPLN 2023)
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Rosario, J.R., Elsharnouby, E. & Cardemil, E.V., '“We Had to Care About Ourselves”: Distress and Coping Among Gay, Bisexual, and Queer (GBQ+) Latinx Men After the Pulse Nightclub Shooting' (2024), Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 17(3), pp. 485–493
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Rosati, F., Compare, C., Lorusso, M.M., Baiocco, R., Albanesi, C., Pistella, J. & Pellegrini, V., 'Italian Political Agendas on LGBTQIA+ Issues: Perceived Stigma and Civic Engagement Among Sexual and Gender Marginalized Communities' (2025), Sexuality Research and Social Policy [online]
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Rouse, M., 'Combating hate without hate crimes: The hanging effigies of the 2008 presidential campaign' (2012), International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue internationale de Sémiotique juridique, 25(2), pp.225-247
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Rousseau, C. & Hassan, G., '‘Current Challenges in Addressing Youth Mental Health in the Context of Violent Radicalization’' (2019), Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry [online]
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Rowbottom, J., 'A thumb on the scale: measures short of a prohibition to combat hate speech' (2022), Journal of Media Law [online]
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Roy, K., 'American Dark Age: Racial Feudalism and the Rise of Black Liberalism' (2024), Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
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Roy, P.K., 'Integrating AI and Social Sciences to Address Online Abusive Language and Hate Speech' (2025), International Social Science Journal [online]
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Rožukalne, A., Stakle, A. & Skulte, I., 'Between Institutional Inertia and Systemic Vulnerability: Understanding Invisible Threats to Journalists’ Safety | Entre a Inércia Institucional e a Vulnerabilidade Sistémica: Compreender as Ameaças Invisíveis à Segurança dos Jornalistas' (2025), Comunicacao E Sociedade, 48, e025019
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Rudnicki, K., Vandebosch, H., Voué, P. & Poels, K., 'Systematic review of determinants and consequences of bystander interventions in online hate and cyberbullying among adults' (2022), Behaviour and Information Technology [online]
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Ruffini, J.A. & Ruffini, P.A., 'U.S. Domestic and Transnational Terrorism: A Guide to Threats Without Borders' (2025), Boca Raton, USA: CRC Press
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Rukuni, T., 'Creating Dialogue Platforms: Transforming Post-Conflict Relationships Among the Youth Through Peace Gardening' (2022), in E. Spiegel, G. Mutalemwa, C. Liu & L.R. Kurtz (eds) Advances in African Economic, Social and Political Development (pp. 433-449), Cham: Springer
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Sabic-El-Rayess, A., 'A Model of Resilience Against Hate and Violence: Muslim-Jewish Relations in Bosnia and Herzegovina' (2025), Journal of Transformative Education, 23(3 Special Issue: Role of Transformative Learning in Addressing Pathways to Radicalization), pp. 286–309
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Sadique, K., Tangen, J. & Perowne, A., 'The importance of narrative in responding to hate incidents following ‘trigger’ events' (2018), Tell MAMA
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Saha, P., Das, M. & Mukherjee, A., 'Online Hate Speech: Analysis, Detection, and Mitigation' (2026), Synthesis Lectures on Human Language Technologies, Part F542, pp. 1–137
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Saha, P., Singh, K., Kumar, A., Mathew, B. & Mukherjee, A., 'COUNTERGEDI: A Controllable Approach to Generate Polite, Detoxified and Emotional Counterspeech' (2022), IJCAI International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pp. 5157-5163
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Sahu, M., Bryan, J.L., Mullin, T.R. & Asghar-Ali, A.A., 'Making an Impact: Evaluation of an Enduring Online Training Empowering Clinicians to Respond to Hate Speech' (2024), Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 38(1), pp. 24–32
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Said-Hung, E. & Diaz, J. M. (Eds.), 'News Media and Hate Speech Promotion in Mediterranean Countries' (2023), Hershey, PA: IGI Global
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Samson, M.G.M., 'White Noise and Unnecessary Evil: Balancing Security and Community in Synagogues' (2021), Contemporary Jewry [online]
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Sánchez-Compaña, M.T., Sánchez-Cruzado, C. & García-Ruiz, C.R., 'An interdisciplinary scientific and mathematic education, addressing relevant social problems such as sexist hate speech' (2020), Information (Switzerland), 11(12), 543, pp. 1-16
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Sang, Y. & Stanton, J., 'Analyzing Hate Speech with Incel-Hunters’ Critiques' (2020), ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, pp. 5-13
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Santos, P. & Muneri, C.T. (Eds.), 'Reading Justice Claims on Social Media: Perspectives from the Global South' (2024), Cham: Palgrave Macmillan
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Sargeant, H., Waldetoft, H. & Magnusson, M., 'Classifying Hate: Legal and Ethical Evaluations of ML-Assisted Hate Crime Classification and Estimation in Sweden' (2025), ACMF ACCT 2025, Proceedings of the 2025 ACM Conference on Fairness Accountability and Transparency, pp. 195–208
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Sarikakis, K., Kassa, B.E., Fenz, N., Goldschmitt S., Kasser, J. & Nowotarski, L., '“My haters and I”: Personal and political responses to hate speech against female journalists in Austria' (2021), Feminist Media Studies [online]
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Sato, M., 'A Digital Turn: Recognizing Asian Gendered Resistance During the COVID-19 Pandemic' (2022), ACME, 21(3), pp. 303-310
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Sato, A., 'Sanitising Social Media and the Production of Non-political Creative Content' (2022), Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology, 23(1), pp. 78-96
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Saucier, D.A., Brown, T.L., Mitchell, R.C. & Cawman, A.J., 'Effects of victims’ characteristics on attitudes toward hate crimes' (2006), Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 21(7), pp.890-909
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Saumer, M., Koban, K. & Matthes, J., 'Digital She-nanigans: Social media users’ response toward online hostilities targeting a female science communicator with marginalized identities' (2025), New Media and Society, 14614448251342242
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Saxena, S., Dixit, A.K., Pandey, S., Pachouri, V., Aluvala, S. & Juyal, A., 'Examining Internet-based Hate Crime Through Artificial Intelligence' (2024), Proceedings - 2024 3rd International Conference on Sentiment Analysis and Deep Learning, ICSADL 2024, pp. 158–163
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Schäfer, S., Rebasso, I., Boyer, M.M. & Planitzer, A.M., 'Can We Counteract Hate? Effects of Online Hate Speech and Counter Speech on the Perception of Social Groups' (2023), Communication Research [online]
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Scharf-Bendov, A., 'Addressing antisemitism in psychotherapy: A trauma-informed and culturally responsive approach' (2025), Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment [online]
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Schepelern Johansen, B., 'Tolerance: An appropriate answer to hate?' (2018), in T. Brudholm & B. Schepelern Johansen (Eds), Hate, politics, law: Critical perspectives on combating hate (Chapter 8). New York, NY: Oxford University Press
Schirch, L., 'Ritual in an Age of Terror: From Taliban to Trump' (2022), in J. Gordon-Lennox (Ed.) Coping Rituals in Fearful Times: An Unexplored Resource for Healing Trauma (pp. 163-174), Cham: Springer
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Schlegel, J., 'Applied anthropology and anti-hate activism' (2011), Journal of Hate Studies, 9(1), 1 pp. 80-197
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Schlegel, L. & Kowert, R. (Eds.), 'Gaming and Extremism: The Radicalization of Digital Playgrounds' (2024), New York: Routledge
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