Publications
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Rashid, M., 'Queering Bangladeshi Blogging Networks: Legal Rights, Religious Fundamentalism, and the Politics of Blog Publics in Bangladeshi LGBTQ+ Activism' (2023), QED, 10(2), pp. 93–117
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Rashid, S.B., Piyas, B.R.C., Rahman, S. & Preenon, B.R.C., 'ALERT: A benchmark Bengali dataset for identifying and categorizing religiously aggressive texts' (2025), Data in Brief, 63, 112094
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Rashmi, G. & Balamanigandan, R., 'Community detection in online social media in predicting hatred speech by novel artificial neural network compared with linear regression for improved accuracy' (2024), AIP Conference Proceedings, 2871(1), 020009
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Raskevičius, T.V., 'Lithuania: The “LGBT-blind” approach' (2018), in P. Godzisz & G. Viggiani (Eds.). Running through hurdles: Obstacles in the access to justice for victims of anti-LGBTI hate crimes (pp. 199-217). Warsaw: Lambda Warsaw Association.
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Rasoulikolamaki, S., Zhdanava, A., Mat Isa, N.A.N., Ahmad, M.N.N. & Kaur, S., 'A meta-discursive analysis of engagement markers in QAnon anti-immigration comments' (2023), Journal of Language and Politics, 22(6), pp. 894–917
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Rastogi, A., Kumar, A., Dwivedi, D., Singh, A.P., Saberwal, S.& Alam, M., 'Hate Speech Detection on Twitter: A Comparative Evaluation of Different Machine Learning Techniques' (2024), Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 1191 LNEE, pp. 147–159
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Ratcliff, J.J., Andrus, T., Miller, A.K., Olowu, F. & Capellupo, J., 'When Potential Allies and Targets Do (and Do Not) Confront Anti-Asian Prejudice: Reactions to Blatant and Subtle Prejudice During the COVID-19 Pandemic' (2023), Journal of Interpersonal Violence [online]
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Ratcliff, S. & Schwadel, P., 'The role of religious contexts on hate crimes, 2003–2017' (2023), Social Science Quarterly [online]
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Rathakrishnan, A. & Sathiyanarayanan, R., 'Rumor Detection on Social Media Using Deep Learning Algorithms with Fuzzy Inference System for Healthcare Analytics System Using Covid-19 Dataset' (2023), International Journal of Computational Intelligence and Applications, 2341008
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Rathje, J., 'Driven by Conspiracies: The Justification of Violence among “Reichsbürger” and Other Conspiracy-Ideological Sovereignists in Contemporary Germany' (2022), Perspectives on Terrorism, 16(6), pp. 49-61
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Rathnayake, H., Sumanapala, J., Rukshani, R. & Ranathunga, S., 'Adapter-based fine-tuning of pre-trained multilingual language models for code-mixed and code-switched text classification' (2022), Knowledge and Information Systems, 64(7), pp. 1937-1966
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Rathnayake, H., Sumanapala, J., Rukshani, R. & Ranathunga, S., 'AdapterFusion-based multi-task learning for code-mixed and code-switched text classification' (2024), Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, 127, 107239
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Rathod, R.G., Barve, Y., Saini, J.R. & Rathod, S., 'From Data Pre-processing to Hate Speech Detection: An Interdisciplinary Study on Women-targeted Online Abuse' (2023), 2023 3rd International Conference on Intelligent Technologies, CONIT 2023
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Rathpisey, H. & Adji, T.B., 'Handling Imbalance Issue in Hate Speech Classification using Sampling-based Methods' (2019), Proceeding - 2019 5th International Conference on Science in Information Technology: Embracing Industry 4.0: Towards Innovation in Cyber Physical System, ICSITech 2019, 8987500, pp. 193-198
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Raturi, A., Joshi, K., Anupriya, Jain, P., Gupta, V.K. & Meena, J., 'Hate Speech Detection System using Machine Learning Algorithms' (2024), Proceedings - 2nd International Conference on Advancement in Computation and Computer Technologies, InCACCT 2024, pp. 446–451
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Raturi, V., Kandpal, O., Rawat, D., Bhakuni, V.S. & Manwal, M., 'Offensive Speech Detection using Deep Learning' (2024), 2024 1st International Conference on Advanced Computing and Emerging Technologies, ACET 2024
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Rauniyar, K., Poudel, S., Shiwakoti, S., Thapa, S., Rashid, J., Kim, J., Imran, M. & Naseem, U., 'Multi-Aspect Annotation and Analysis of Nepali Tweets on Anti-Establishment Election Discourse' (2023), IEEE Access, 11
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Raut, R. & Spezzano, F., 'Enhancing hate speech detection with user characteristics' (2023), International Journal of Data Science and Analytics [online]
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Ravi, K. & Yuan, J.-S., 'ThreatGram101: Extreme Telegram Replies Data with Threat Levels' (2025), Communications in Computer and Information Science, 2496 CCIS, pp. 275–291
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Ravisheker, C., Sharma, M. & Henge, S.K., 'Detection of abusive text on online social networks using ensemble clustering algorithm with heuristic strategy' (2025), International Journal of Computational Science and Engineering, 28(2), pp. 185–203
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Ravndal, J.A., Tandberg, C., Sessolo, S., Jupskås, A.R. & Bjørgo, T., 'RTV Trend Report 2023: Right-Wing Terrorism and Violence in Western Europe, 1990 – 2022' (2023), Center for Research on Extremism: The Extreme Right, Hate Crime and Political Violence, University of Oslo
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Rawat, A., Kumar, S. & Samant, S.S., 'Attention-based Hybrid Deep Learning Model for Detecting Hateful Tweets' (2024), 2024 15th International Conference on Computing Communication and Networking Technologies, ICCCNT 2024
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Rawat, A., Kumar, S. & Samant, S.S., 'Hate Speech Detection using Machine Learning Techniques' (2024), 2024 15th International Conference on Computing Communication and Networking Technologies, ICCCNT 2024
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Rawat, A., Kumar, S. & Samant, S.S., 'Hate speech detection in social media: Techniques, recent trends, and future challenges' (2024), Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Computational Statistics, 16(2), e1648
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Rawat, T., Bhatt, S., Rawat, D., Vats, S. & Sharma, V., 'From Words to Hate: Analyzing Predictive Features for Hate Speech Detection on X' (2024), 2nd IEEE International Conference on Innovations in High-Speed Communication and Signal Processing, IHCSP 2024
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Ray, A. & George, J.F., 'Online hate and its routes to aggression: A research agenda' (2021), Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2020-January, pp. 6379-6389
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Ray, L. & Smith, D., 'Racist offenders and the politics of ‘hate crime’' (2001), Law and Critique, 12(3), pp.203-221
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Ray, L. & Smith, D., 'Racist offending, policing and community conflict' (2004), Sociology, 38(4), pp.681-699
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Ray, L. & Smith, D., 'Hate crime, violence and cultures of racism' (2002), in Iganski, P. (ed.) (2002) The Hate Debate. London: Profile Books.
Ray, L. & Smith, D., 'Racist violence as hate crime' (2002), Criminal Justice Matters, 48(1), pp.6-7
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Ray, L., Smith, D., & Wastell, L., 'Shame, rage and racist violence' (2004), British Journal of Criminology, 44(3), pp.350-368
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Rayani, R.K., Tekula, S., Vattigunta, S.K., Kovi, N.K. & Namitha, K., 'SecureComment: Safeguarding Online Discussions with Intelligent Toxic Comment Filtering' (2024), 2024 IEEE International Conference on Interdisciplinary Approaches in Technology and Management for Social Innovation, IATMSI 2024
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Rayburn, N.R. & Davison, G.C., 'Articulated thoughts about antigay hate crimes' (2002), Cognitive Therapy and Research, 26(4), pp.431-447
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Rayburn, N.R., Earleywine, M. & Davison, G.C., 'Base rates of hate crime victimization among college students' (2003), Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 18(10), pp.1209-1221
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Rayner, M., 'Racial harassment: An overview' (1992), in Bird, G. (1992) Racial Harassment. National Centre for Crosscultural Studies in Law, Monash University
Raza Ur Rehman, H.M., Saleem, M., Jhandir, M.Z., Alvarado, E.S., Garay, H. & Ashraf, I., 'Detecting hate in diversity: a survey of multilingual code-mixed image and video analysis' (2025), Journal of Big Data, 12(1), 109
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Razack, S.H., 'It Didn’t Begin in Hate: Why a Hate Crimes Framework Can’t Take Us to Abolition' (2023), State Crime Journal, 12(2), pp. 267–278
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Razdan, A. & Shridevi, S., 'Hate Speech Detection using ML algorithms' (2021), Proceedings - 2021 1st IEEE International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Vision, AIMV 2021
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Rdara, R., Swapna, N. & Dara, U., 'A New Document Representation Technique for Hate Speech Detection Using a New Term Weight Measure and Word Embedding Techniques' (2024), Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 1262, pp. 303–314
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Read, T., 'Update' (2016), The Police Journal, 89(4), pp.340-345
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Rébé, N. (Ed.), 'Regulating Cyber Technologies: Privacy vs Security' (2023), Singapore: World Scientific Publishing
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Rebrina, L.N., 'Hate show: Implementation of hate as a communicative phenomenon' (2022), Vestnik Volgogradskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta. Seriya 2. Yazykoznanie, 21(1), pp. 151–163
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Recker Rayburn, N., Earleywine, M. & Davison, G.C., 'An investigation of base rates of anti-gay hate crimes using the unmatched-count technique' (2003), Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 6(2), pp.137-152
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Recker Rayburn, N., Mendoza, M. & Davidson, G.C., 'Bystanders’ perceptions of perpetrators and victims of hate crime: An investigation using the person perception paradigm' (2003), Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 18(9), pp.1055-1074
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Reddy, V., 'Perverts and sodomites: Homophobia as hate speech in Africa' (2002), Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies, 20(3), pp.163-175
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Reddy, B.A.C., Chandra, G.K., Sisodia, D.S. & Anuragi, A., 'Balancing Techniques for Improving Automated Detection of Hate Speech and Offensive Language on Social Media' (2023), 2023 2nd International Conference for Innovation in Technology, INOCON 2023
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Reddy, L.R., Gandham, S., Gandrathi, A., Kosuru, S. & Lakshmi, U.P., 'Detection of Cyberbullying Across Social Networks' (2024), 2024 International Conference on Intelligent Systems for Cybersecurity, ISCS 2024
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Redish, M.H., 'Freedom of thought as freedom of expression: Hate crime sentencing enhancement and first amendment theory' (1992), Criminal Justice Ethics, 11(2), pp.29-42
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Rees, J.H., Rees, Y.P.M., Hellmann, J.H. & Zick, A., 'Climate of Hate: Similar Correlates of Far Right Electoral Support and Right-Wing Hate Crimes in Germany' (2019), Frontiers in Psychology, 10(October)
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Rees, Y.P.M., 'Free Press Under Pressure? Experiences and Consequences of Hateful Harassment on Journalists in Germany' (2023), Media and Communication, 11(4), pp. 367–379
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