Publications: Law and hate crime
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Bleich, E., 'The rise of hate speech and hate crime laws in liberal democracies' (2011), Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 37(6), pp.917-934
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Bleich, E., 'Hate crime policy in Western Europe: Responding to racist violence in Britain, Germany, and France' (2007), American Behavioral Scientist, 51(2), pp.149-165
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Bleich, E. & Hart, R.K., 'Quantifying hate: The evolution of German approaches to measuring ‘hate crime’' (2008), German Politics, 17(1), pp.63-80
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Bleich, E. & Lambert, F., 'Why are racist associations free in some states and banned in others? Evidence from 10 liberal democracies' (2013), West European Politics, 36(1), pp.122-149
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Blosnich, J.R., Marsiglio, M.C., Gao, S., Gordon, A.J., Shipherd, J.C., Kauth, M., Brown, G.R. & Fine, M.J., 'Mental health of transgender veterans in US States with and without discrimination and hate crime legal protection' (2016), American Journal of Public Health, 106(3), pp.534-540
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Bohannan, C., 'On the 50th anniversary of Tinker v. Des Moines: Toward a positive view of free speech on college campuses' (2020), Iowa Law Review, 105(5), pp. 2233-2271
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Borges, G. M., Guerreiro, A., & Pina, M. (Eds.), 'Modern Insights and Strategies in Victimology' (2024), Hershey, PA: IGI Global
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Bostock, J., 'Getting away with murder' (2001), OpenMind, 112, pp.22-23
Botcherby, S., Glen, F., Iganski, P., Jochelson, K. & Lagou, S., 'Equality groups’ perceptions and experience of crime: Analysis of the British Crime Survey 2007-08, 2008-09 and 2009-10' (2011), Manchester: Equality and Human Rights Commission.
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Botha, J., '‘Swartman’: Racial Descriptor or Racial Slur? Rustenburg Platinum Mine v SAEWA obo Bester [2018]' (2020), Constitutional Court Review, 10(1), pp. 353-377
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Bourne, J., 'Does legislating against racial violence work? ' (2002), Race & Class, 44(2), pp.81-85
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Boyd, E.A., Berk, R.A. & Hamner, K.M., '‘Motivated by hatred or prejudice’: Categorization of hate-motivated crimes in two police divisions' (1996), Law and Society Review, 30(4), pp.819-850
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Boyle, K. & Berridge, S. (Eds.), 'The Routledge Companion to Gender, Media and Violence' (2023), London: Routledge
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Bozoğlu, G., Campbell, G., Smith, L., & Whitehead, C. (Eds.), 'The Routledge International Handbook of Heritage and Politics (1st ed.)' (2024), London: Routledge
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Brandariz, J.A., Fabini, G., Fernández-Bessa, C. & Ferraris, V. (Eds.), 'Border Criminologies from the Periphery: Cross-national Conversations on Bordered Penality' (2025), London: Routledge
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Brax, D., 'Motives, reasons, and responsibility in hate/bias crime legislation' (2016), Criminal Justice Ethics [online], pp.1-19
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Brax, D. & Munthe, C., 'The philosophical aspects of hate crime and hate crime legislation: Introducing the special section on the philosophy of hate crime' (2015), Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 30(10), pp.1687-1695
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Brayson, K., 'Hating Women: A Constitution of Hate in Plain Sight' (2024), Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 39(17-18), pp. 3954–3982
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Breen, D. & Nel, J.A., 'South Africa – A home for all? The need for hate crime legislation' (2011), South African Crime Quarterly, 38
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Brennan, F., 'Punishing Islamophobic hostility: Are any lessons to be learned from racially hostile crimes?' (2003), Journal of Civil Liberties, 8(1), pp.28-50
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Brennan, F., 'Racially motivated crime: The response of the criminal justice system' (1999), Criminal Law Review, Jan, pp.17-28
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Brennan, F., 'Legislating against internet race hate' (2009), Information & Communications Technology Law, 18(2), pp.123-153
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Brennan, F., 'www.hatecrime.co Laws uncritical engagement' (2009), Information & Communications Technology Law, 18(2), pp.75-78
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Brightman, S., Lenning, E., Lurie, K.J. & DeJong, C., 'Anti-Transgender Ideology, Laws, and Homicide: An Analysis of the Trifecta of Violence' (2023), Homicide Studies [online]
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Broeren, Z.D. & Djupe, P.A., 'The ingroup love and outgroup hate of Christian Nationalism: experimental evidence about the implementation of the rule of law' (2023), Politics and Religion [online]
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Brogaard, B., 'Hatred: Understanding Our Most Dangerous Emotion' (2020), Oxford: Oxford University Press
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Bronitt, S. & McSherry, B., 'Public order' (2010), in Principles of Criminal Law (3rd ed.). Thomson Reuters.
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Brooks, T.D., 'First Amendment-penalty enhancement for hate crimes: Content regulation, questionable state interests and non-traditional sentencing' (1994), Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 84(4), pp.703-742
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Brown, C., 'Legislating against hate crime in New Zealand: The need to recognise gender-based violence' (2004), Victoria University of Wellington Law Review, 35(3), pp.591-608
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Brown, A., 'The “who?” question in the hate speech debate: Part 1: Consistency, practical, and formal approaches' (2016), Canadian Journal of Law & Jurisprudence, 29(2), pp. 275-320
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Brown, A., 'Hate speech law: A philosophical examination' (2015), New York: Routledge.
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Brown, A., 'The Free Speech Principle: A Topography' (2024), Canadian Journal of Law and Jurisprudence [online]
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Brown, A., 'Implementing the Protocol to the Convention on Cybercrime on Xenophobia and Racism: Good Practice Study' (2023), Strasbourg, France: Council of Europe (Octopus Project)
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Brown, A., 'The Internet of Hate: Comparing the Nature, Harms, and Regulatory Challenges of Online and Offline Hate Speech' (2025), Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law, 53(2), pp. 203–282
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Brown, A., '“Bigots in Black Robes”: Legal Ethics and Judicial Hate Speech' (2025), Intercultural Human Rights Laws Review, 20(2025), pp. 285–363
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Brown, A., 'Words of Hate, Streets of Rage: Reforming the England and Wales Stirring Up Hatred Offences' (2025), Tulane Journal of International and Comparative Law, 33(2025), pp. 405–474
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Brown, A. & Sinclair, A., 'The Politics of Hate Speech Laws' (2019), London: Routledge
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Brown. A. & Sinclair, A., 'Hate Speech Frontiers: Exploring the Limits of the Ordinary and Legal Concepts' (2023), Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press
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Brudholm, T., 'Hate crimes and human rights violations' (2014), Journal of Applied Philosophy
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Brudholm, T. & Schepelern Johansen, B. (Eds.), 'Hate, politics, law: Critical perspectives on combating hate' (2018), New York, NY: Oxford University Press
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Budiyanto, Masum, A., Aidonojie, P.A. & Aslan, J., 'Problems of Legal Implementation of the Criminal Offense of Spreading Fake News and Hate Speech in Papua' (2024), Law Reform: Jurnal Pembaharuan Hukum, 20(2), pp. 278–300
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Bülbül, K., Islam, M.N., Khan, M.S. (Eds.), 'Rohingya Refugee Crisis in Myanmar: Ethnic Conflict and Resolution' (2022), Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan
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Bull Kovera, M., 'Implications of automatic and controlled processes in stereotyping for hate crime perpetration and litigation Margaret Bull Kovera' (2007), Social Consciousness in Legal Decision Making, pp.227-246
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Bunar, N., 'Hate crimes against immigrants in Sweden and community responses' (2007), American Behavioral Scientist, 51(2), pp.166-181
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Buoncompagni, G., 'The Perception of Anti-Semitic Hatred in the Italian Media and Justice System' (2023), Fieldwork in Religion, 18(2), pp. 184–199
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Burch, L. & Wilkin, D. (Eds.), 'Disability Hate Crime: Perspectives for Change' (2024), Oxfordshire, UK: Routledge
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Burch, L. & Wilkin, D. (Eds.), 'Disability Hate Crime: Perspectives for Change' (2024), London: Routledge
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Burney, E., 'Using the law on racially aggravated offences' (2003), Criminal Law Review, Jan, pp.28-36
Burney, E. & Rose, G., 'Racist offences – how is the law working?: The implementation of the legislation on racially aggravated offences in the Crime and Disorder Act 1998' (2002), Home Office Research Study 244. London: Home Office
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Burt, C.H., Simons, R.L. & Gibbons, F.X., 'Racial discrimination, ethnic-racial socialization, and crime: A micro-sociological model of risk and resilience' (2012), American Sociological Review, 77(4), pp.648-677
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