Publications: Hate crime models
A
Asogwa, N.U. & Onwuama, M.E., 'Hate Speech and Authentic Personhood: Unveiling the Truth' (2021), SAGE Open, 11(1)
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Assimakopoulos, S. & Serafis, D., 'Why soft hate speech matters: argumentativity and the dispersion of hatred towards minorities' (2025), Critical Discourse Studies [online]
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Atari, M., Davani, A.M., Kogon, D., Kennedy, B., Ani Saxena, N., Anderson, I. & Dehghani, M., 'Morally Homogeneous Networks and Radicalism' (2021), Social Psychological and Personality Science [online]
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Attir, M.O., 'The role of armed conflict in developing a subculture of hate and its consequences: Empirical findings from Libya' (2021), Contemporary Arab Affairs, 14(2), pp. 62-76
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Auethavornpipat, R., 'Hate Speech and Discrimination as Mundane Violence against Rohingya Refugees during covid-19' (2023), Global Responsibility to Protect [online]
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Ayalew, Y.E., 'A third-world critique of the international human rights-based approach to content moderation' (2025), Transnational Legal Theory [online]
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Azgin, B. & Kiralp, S., 'Surveillance, Disinformation, and Legislative Measures in the 21st Century: AI, Social Media, and the Future of Democracies' (2024), Social Sciences, 13(10), 510
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Aziani, A., Lo Giudice, M.V. & Shadman Yazdi, A., 'Conspiracy to Commit: Information Pollution, Artificial Intelligence, and Real-World Hate Crime' (2025), European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research [online]
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B
Badar, M. & Florijančič, P., 'Assessing Incitement to Hatred as a Crime Against Humanity of Persecution' (2019), International Journal of Human Rights [online]
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Baguso, G.N., Santiago-Rodriguez, E., Gyamerah, A.O., Wilson, E.C., Chung, C., McFarland, W. & Wesson, P., 'Mental Distress and Use of Stimulants: Analysis of a Longitudinal Cohort of Transgender Women' (2023), LGBT health, 10(3), pp. 228-236
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Baider, F., 'Covert Hate Speech, Conspiracy Theory and Anti-semitism: Linguistic Analysis Versus Legal Judgement' (2022), International Journal for the Semiotics of Law [online]
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Baider, F. & Anaxagorou, C., 'Evaluating Hate speech: A sociolinguistic and bio signal experiment' (2022), Studii de Lingvistica, 12(2), pp. 263-296
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Baider, F. & Constantinou, M., 'Covert Hate Speech: A Contrastive Study of Greek and Greek Cypriot Online Discussions With an Emphasis on Irony' (2020), Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict, 8(2), pp. 262-287
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Bailey, C.M., 'The Evolution of Anti-Blackness in the American South: How Slavery and Segregation Perpetuates the Victimization of Black People' (2022), Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency [online]
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Baishya, A.K., 'Violent spectating: Hindutva music and audio-visualizations of hate and terror in Digital India' (2022), Communication and Critical/ Cultural Studies [online]
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Baishya, A.K., 'Viral nationalism: Right wing media and the aesthetics of distributed participation' (2025), International Journal of Cultural Studies, 28(3), pp. 597–616
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Baker, D.J. & Britton, T., 'Hate Crimes and Black College Student Enrollment' (2024), Education Finance and Policy, 19(2), pp. 187–217
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Bakken, T., 'Liberty and equality through freedom of expression: The human rights questions behind ‘hate crime’ laws' (2000), The International Journal of Human Rights, 4(2), pp.1-12
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Balbon, N., '“Why Do People Hate You, Mommy?” Militarized Masculinities and Women in Postwar Kosovar Politics' (2023), Journal of Women, Politics and Policy [online]
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Balmas, M., Harel, T.O. & Halperin, E., 'I hate you when I am anxious: Anxiety during the COVID-19 epidemic and ideological hostility' (2022), Journal of Applied Social Psychology [online]
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Banaji, S., 'Against Resilience: The (Anti-)Ethics of Participation in an Unjust and Unequal Public Sphere' (2024), Javnost [online]
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Banga, S., 'Theorising racist hate speech on UK university campuses through a CRT lens' (2023), Whiteness and Education [online]
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Banh, J., 'COVID-19 Racism and American Chinese Restaurants 2019-2022' (2024), Journal of Chinese Overseas, 20(2), pp. 231–255
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Bao, H.-W.-S. & Gries, P., 'Biases about Chinese People in English Language Use: Stereotypes, Prejudice and Discrimination' (2025), China Quarterly [online]
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Baptista, V.F., 'Femicide, Femicide and Hate on the agenda: The murder of women in Latin America | [Feminicídio, femicídio e ódio na agenda: O assassinato das mulheres na América Latina]' (2021), Brazilian Journal of International Law, 18(3), pp. 309-333
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Barberis, C.F. & Huseynli, M., 'Obliged to hate: The successful stigmatisation of anti-war voices in Azerbaijan' (2025), Review of International Studies [online]
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Bárd, P., 'Prerequisites for the effective fight against hate crimes' (2022), Hungarian Journal of Legal Studies [online]
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Barna, I., 'The genealogy of social hatred' (2022), Hungarian Journal of Legal Studies [online]
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Barnes, M.R., 'Complex Harms in Online Speech: The Limits of the Illocutionary' (2025), in P. J. Connolly, S.C. Goldberg & J.M. Saul (Eds.) Conversations Online Explorations in Philosophy of Language (pp. 239–260), Oxford: Oxford Academic
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Barrett-Fox, R., 'Anger and compassion on the picket line: Ethnography and emotion in the study of Westboro Baptist Church' (2011), Journal of Hate Studies, 9(1), pp. 11-32
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Barth, N., Wagner, E., Raab, P. & Wiegärtner, B., 'Contextures of hate: Towards a systems theory of hate communication on social media platforms' (2023), Communication Review [online]
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Battistelli, D., 'Building a Formal Model for Hate Detection in French Corpora' (2020), Procedia Computer Science, 176, pp. 2358-2365
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Battle, J. & Lemelle, A.J., 'Gender differences in African American attitudes toward gay males' (2002), The Western Journal of Black Studies, 26(3), pp.134-139
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Baum, S.K., 'Becoming evil: How ordinary people commit genocide and mass killing' (2003), Journal of Hate Studies, 2(1), pp. 103-104
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Baum, S.K., 'Purify and destroy: The political uses of massacre and genocide' (2007), Journal of Hate Studies, 6(1), pp. 137-139
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Baun, P.S. & Nielbo, K., 'Right-wing Mnemonics' (2022), CEUR Workshop Proceedings, 3290, pp. 152-161
Bawono, B.T. & Glaser, H., 'The Urgency of Restorative Justice Regulation on Hate Speech' (2023), Bestuur, 11(2), pp. 364–383
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Bayer, J., 'High-impact hate speech by persons of authority: A lower threshold needed?' (2022), Hungarian Journal of Legal Studies [online]
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Belgioioso, M., Dworschak, C. & Gleditsch, K.S., 'Local deprivation predicts right-wing hate crime in England' (2023), PLoS ONE, 18(9 September), e0289423
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Benier, K., Sydes, M. & Higginson, A., 'PROTOCOL: Correlates and Antecedents of Hate Crime: A Systematic Review of Place-Level Risk and Protective Factors' (2025), Campbell Systematic Reviews, 21(3), e70048
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Berdón-Prieto, P., Herrero-Izquierdo, J. & Reguero-Sanz, I., 'Political polarization and politainment: Methodology for analyzing crypto hate speech on TikTok | Polarización política y politainment: metodología de análisis del criptodiscurso de odio en TikTok' (2023), Profesional de la Informacion, 32(6), e320601
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Berk, R.A., 'Thinking about hate-motivated crimes' (1990), Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 5(3), pp.334-349
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Berlet, C., 'Hate, oppression, repression, and the apocalyptic style: Facing complex questions and challenges' (2004), Journal of Hate Studies, 3(1), pp. 145-166
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Bernstein, A. & Gomila, A., 'The Truth in Social Media' (2024), Topol [online]
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Bernstein, A. & Gomila, A., 'The Truth in Social Media' (2025), Topoi, 44(1), pp. 127–138
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Bertram, F.-E., Häfele, J., Küchler, A. & Kurtenbach, S., 'Legal cynicism: An investigation of individual and contextual influencing factors │ Rechtszynismus: Eine Untersuchung individueller und kontextueller Einflussfaktoren' (2024), Monatsschrift für Kriminologie und Strafrechtsreform, 107, (3), pp. 220-231
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Beutel, A.J. & Jupp, J., 'Reimagining the Relationship Between Hate Crime and Terrorism: A Case Study of New Zealand' (2024), Democracy and Security [online]
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Bhat, M.M.A. & Chakraborti, N., 'Lost in Translation? Applying the Hate Crime Concept to an Indian Context' (2024), Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 39(17-18), pp. 3855–3875
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Bilewicz, M., Soral, W., Świderska, A., Küster, D., Winiewski, M. & Wypych, M., 'The emotional drivers of hate speech: Unpacking the central role of contempt in derogatory communication' (2025), Atlantic Journal of Communication [online]
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Bishop, S., 'Should we hate hate speech regulation? The argument from viewpoint discrimination' (2024), Philosophical Quarterly, 74(4), pp. 1059–1079
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