Publications: Hate crime models
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Biskamp, F., 'A societal shift to the right or the political mobilisation of a shrinking minority? Explaining rise and radicalisation of the AfD in Germany' (2024), International Journal of Public Policy, 17(3), pp. 139–165
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Bjørgo, T. & Aasland Ravndal, J., 'Extreme-Right Violence and Terrorism: Concepts, Patterns, and Response' (2019), ICCT Policy Brief, September 2019
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Blazak, R., 'Revisiting the White Boys From Portland to Ukraine: Anomie and Right-Wing Extremism' (2022), American Behavioral Scientist [online]
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Blee, K.M., 'Racial violence in the United States' (2005), Ethnic and Racial Studies, 28(4), pp.499-619
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Bleich, E. & Hart, R.K., 'Quantifying hate: The evolution of German approaches to measuring ‘hate crime’' (2008), German Politics, 17(1), pp.63-80
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Blitzer, J., 'Toward an interdisciplinary field of hate studies: Developing a framework' (2005), Journal of Hate Studies, 4(1), pp. 139-149
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Boden-Albala, B., Ding, X., Ryan, N., Goodman, S., Wing, J., Runnerstrom, M.G., Gutierrez, D., Gibbs, B., Robb, J.M. & Drum, E., 'Anti-Asian racism related stigma, racial discrimination, and protective factors against stigma: a repeated cross-sectional survey among university students during the COVID-19 pandemic' (2023), Frontiers in Public Health, 11, 958932
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Bodroghkozy, A., 'Making #Charlottesville: Media from Civil Rights to Unite the Right' (2023), Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press
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Boehme, H.M., Burrow, J.D. & Jung, S., 'An Exploratory Analysis Examining the Relationship Between Protective and Risk Factors of Bullying and Hate Crime Victimization Within Schools' (2024), Journal of School Violence [online]
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Bonhomme, M. & Alfaro, A., '‘The filthy people’: Racism in digital spaces during Covid-19 in the context of South–South migration' (2022), International Journal of Cultural Studies, 25(3-4), pp. 404-427
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Bonotti, M. & Nwokora, Z., 'Free speech and social change: a public reason approach' (2025), Contemporary Political Theory [online]
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Bonotti, M. & Seglow, J., 'Freedom of speech: A relational defence' (2022), Philosophy and Social Criticism [online]
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Borell, K., 'When is the time to hate? A research review on the impact of dramatic events on Islamophobia and Islamophobic hate crimes in Europe' (2015), Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations, pp.1-13
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Borg, M.J. & Holder, E., 'Hate Crime as Social Control: Integrating Black’s Theories of Conflict Management and Social Time' (2025), Sociological Inquiry [online]
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Bortnowska, P., 'Language as a weapon of dehumanization in the linguistic space of the armed conflict in Ukraine' (2024), Studia Rossica Posnaniensia, 49(2), pp. 185–201
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Botha, J., 'A Hate Crime Model for the South African Context' (2020), in H. Strydom & J. Botha (Eds.) Select Essays on Governance and Accountability Issues in Public Law (pp. 33- 54), Stellenbosch: African Sun Media
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Bousquet, C., 'Words That Harm: Defending the Dignity Approach to Hate Speech Regulation' (2022), Canadian Journal of Law and Jurisprudence, 35(1), pp. 31-57
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Bouwers, E. (Ed.), 'Catholics and Violence in the Nineteenth-Century Global World' (2023), New York: Routledge
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Bozhidarova, M., Chang, J., Ale-Rasool, A., Liu, Y., Ma, C., Bertozzi, A.L., Brantingham, P.J., Lin, J. & Krishnagopal, S., 'Hate speech and hate crimes: a data-driven study of evolving discourse around marginalized groups' (2023), Proceedings - 2023 IEEE International Conference on Big Data, BigData 2023, pp. 3107–3116
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Braddock, K., Hughes, B., Goldberg, B. & Miller-Idriss, C., 'Engagement in subversive online activity predicts susceptibility to persuasion by far-right extremist propaganda' (2022), New Media and Society [online]
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Bradley, M.S., 'Symbolizing hate: The extent and influence of organized hate group indicators' (2007), Journal of Crime and Justice, 30(1), pp.1-15
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Braga, R., 'Challenging “White Hate”: Racism and Antiracism in a Working-Class Community in the United States | Confronter la “haine blanche”: Racisme et antiracisme dans une communauté ouvrière aux États-Unis' (2025), Caderno CRH, 37, e024028
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Bray, K., Braakmann, N. & Wildman, J., 'Austerity, welfare cuts and hate crime: Evidence from the UK’s age of austerity' (2022), Journal of Urban Economics, 103439
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Brayson, K., 'Hating Women: A Constitution of Hate in Plain Sight' (2024), Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 39(17-18), pp. 3954–3982
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Breazu, P. & Katson, N., 'ChatGPT-4 as a journalist: Whose perspectives is it reproducing?' (2024), Discourse and Society [online]
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Brekke, T., 'Islamophobia and antisemitism are different in their potential for globalization' (2021), Journal of Religion and Violence, 9(1), pp. 80-100
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Brewer, J.P. & Johnson, J.T., 'For Indigenous youth: Towards caring and compassion, deconstructing the borderlands of reconciliation' (2021), in S. O’Lear (Ed.) A Research Agenda for Geographies of Slow Violence: Making Social and Environmental Injustice Visible (pp. 137-154), Cheltenham, UK & Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing
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Brightman, S., Lenning, E., Lurie, K.J. & DeJong, C., 'Anti-Transgender Ideology, Laws, and Homicide: An Analysis of the Trifecta of Violence' (2023), Homicide Studies [online]
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Brody, E., Greenhalgh, S.P. & Sajjad, M., 'Free Speech or Free to Hate?: Anti-LGBTQ+ Discourses in LGBTQ+-Affirming Spaces on Gab Social' (2023), Journal of Homosexuality [online]
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Brown, A., 'Reverse hate speech, pragmatics, and the authority problem' (2024), Philosophy and Social Criticism [online]
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Brown, A., 'The Free Speech Principle: A Topography' (2024), Canadian Journal of Law and Jurisprudence [online]
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Brown, A., 'Reverse Hate Speech, Pragmatics, and the Authority Problem' (2024), Philosophy & Social Criticism [online]
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Brown, A., '“Bigots in Black Robes”: Legal Ethics and Judicial Hate Speech' (2025), Intercultural Human Rights Laws Review, 20(2025), pp. 285–363
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Brunton-Smith, I., Jolliffe, D. & Garland, J., 'How does hate hurt more? National evidence for the varying emotional impacts of hate crime' (2025), European Journal of Criminology, 14773708251334266
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Bryan, T., 'Investigating hate crime: Law enforcement decision making in race based hate crimes' (2022), Canadian Review of Sociology, 59(4), pp. 490-506
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Buckingham, L. & Alali, N., 'Extreme Parallels: A Corpus-Driven Analysis of ISIS and Far-Right Discourse' (2019), Kotuitui [online]
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Bührer, S., Koban, K. & Matthes, J., 'The WWW of digital hate perpetration: What, who, and why? A scoping review' (2024), Computers in Human Behavior, 159, 108321
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Buoncompagni, G., 'The Perception of Anti-Semitic Hatred in the Italian Media and Justice System' (2023), Fieldwork in Religion, 18(2), pp. 184–199
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Burch, L., '‘I haven’t got anywhere safe’: disabled people’s experiences of hate and violence within the home' (2023), Social and Cultural Geography [online]
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Burt, C.H., Simons, R.L. & Gibbons, F.X., 'Racial discrimination, ethnic-racial socialization, and crime: A micro-sociological model of risk and resilience' (2012), American Sociological Review, 77(4), pp.648-677
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Cabeza-San-Deogracias, J., Paz-Rebollo, M.A. & Casado-Linares, R., 'The construction of the perfect message in a digital environment: The case of Vinicius Junior and racism | La construcción del mensaje perfecto en un entorno digital. El caso de Vinicius Junior y el racismo' (2025), Estudios Sobre el Mensaje Periodistico, 31(1), pp. 77–88
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Cáceres, J.M.B., Martínez, P.R., Espinosa, J.J.S. & Joya, L.M., 'The perpetration of on- and offline hate speech among secondary school students' (2025), Frontiers in Human Dynamics, 7, 1632091
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Cai, L., 'Analysis of Hate Crime Rates in the United States: Statistical Modeling of Public Safety Issues Based on Socioeconomic Factors' (2021), Proceedings - 2021 International Conference on E-Commerce and E-Management, ICECEM 2021, pp. 388-392
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Campo-Engelstein, L., 'Rape as a hate crime: An analysis of New York law' (2016), Hypatia, 31(1), pp.91-106
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Cao, A., Lindo, J.M. & Zhong, J., 'Can social media rhetoric incite hate incidents? Evidence from Trump’s “Chinese Virus” tweets' (2023), Journal of Urban Economics, 137, 103590
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Carballo Rodríguez, F.M., 'Civility as a horizon for democracy in Étienne Balibar | La civilidad como horizonte para la democracia en Étienne Balibar' (2023), Isegoria, 68, e11
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Carlson, C.R., 'Hate Speech as a Structural Phenomenon' (2020), First Amendment Studies [online]
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Carlson, K.B., 'Hate crime and reverse engineering the law' (2023), in L. Flower & S. Klosterkamp (Eds.) Courtroom Ethnography: Exploring Contemporary Approaches, Fieldwork and Challenges (pp. 129–144), Cham: Palgrave Macmillan
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Carrington, N.T., Keck, T.M. & Sigsworth, C., 'Minority Rights, Governing Regimes, or Secular Elites: Who Benefits from the Protection of Religious and Anti-Religious Speech by the U.S. Supreme Court and European Court of Human Rights?' (2023), Journal of Law and Courts, 11(2), pp. 221–255
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Carson, J.V., Fisher, D. & Dierenfeldt, R., 'The Influence of COVID-19 Restrictions and Rhetoric in the U.S.: A Multi-Definition and Multi-Method Approach' (2025), Justice Quarterly [online]
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