Publications: Hate crime models
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Boehme, H.M., Burrow, J.D. & Jung, S., 'An Exploratory Analysis Examining the Relationship Between Protective and Risk Factors of Bullying and Hate Crime Victimization Within Schools' (2024), Journal of School Violence [online]
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Bonhomme, M. & Alfaro, A., '‘The filthy people’: Racism in digital spaces during Covid-19 in the context of South–South migration' (2022), International Journal of Cultural Studies, 25(3-4), pp. 404-427
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Bonotti, M. & Seglow, J., 'Freedom of speech: A relational defence' (2022), Philosophy and Social Criticism [online]
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Borell, K., 'When is the time to hate? A research review on the impact of dramatic events on Islamophobia and Islamophobic hate crimes in Europe' (2015), Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations, pp.1-13
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Borg, M.J. & Holder, E., 'Hate Crime as Social Control: Integrating Black’s Theories of Conflict Management and Social Time' (2025), Sociological Inquiry [online]
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Botha, J., 'A Hate Crime Model for the South African Context' (2020), in H. Strydom & J. Botha (Eds.) Select Essays on Governance and Accountability Issues in Public Law (pp. 33- 54), Stellenbosch: African Sun Media
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Bousquet, C., 'Words That Harm: Defending the Dignity Approach to Hate Speech Regulation' (2022), Canadian Journal of Law and Jurisprudence, 35(1), pp. 31-57
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Bouwers, E. (Ed.), 'Catholics and Violence in the Nineteenth-Century Global World' (2023), New York: Routledge
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Bozhidarova, M., Chang, J., Ale-Rasool, A., Liu, Y., Ma, C., Bertozzi, A.L., Brantingham, P.J., Lin, J. & Krishnagopal, S., 'Hate speech and hate crimes: a data-driven study of evolving discourse around marginalized groups' (2023), Proceedings - 2023 IEEE International Conference on Big Data, BigData 2023, pp. 3107–3116
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Braddock, K., Hughes, B., Goldberg, B. & Miller-Idriss, C., 'Engagement in subversive online activity predicts susceptibility to persuasion by far-right extremist propaganda' (2022), New Media and Society [online]
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Bradley, M.S., 'Symbolizing hate: The extent and influence of organized hate group indicators' (2007), Journal of Crime and Justice, 30(1), pp.1-15
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Braga, R., 'Challenging “White Hate”: Racism and Antiracism in a Working-Class Community in the United States | Confronter la “haine blanche”: Racisme et antiracisme dans une communauté ouvrière aux États-Unis' (2025), Caderno CRH, 37, e024028
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Bray, K., Braakmann, N. & Wildman, J., 'Austerity, welfare cuts and hate crime: Evidence from the UK’s age of austerity' (2022), Journal of Urban Economics, 103439
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Brayson, K., 'Hating Women: A Constitution of Hate in Plain Sight' (2024), Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 39(17-18), pp. 3954–3982
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Breazu, P. & Katson, N., 'ChatGPT-4 as a journalist: Whose perspectives is it reproducing?' (2024), Discourse and Society [online]
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Brekke, T., 'Islamophobia and antisemitism are different in their potential for globalization' (2021), Journal of Religion and Violence, 9(1), pp. 80-100
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Brewer, J.P. & Johnson, J.T., 'For Indigenous youth: Towards caring and compassion, deconstructing the borderlands of reconciliation' (2021), in S. O’Lear (Ed.) A Research Agenda for Geographies of Slow Violence: Making Social and Environmental Injustice Visible (pp. 137-154), Cheltenham, UK & Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing
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Brightman, S., Lenning, E., Lurie, K.J. & DeJong, C., 'Anti-Transgender Ideology, Laws, and Homicide: An Analysis of the Trifecta of Violence' (2023), Homicide Studies [online]
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Brody, E., Greenhalgh, S.P. & Sajjad, M., 'Free Speech or Free to Hate?: Anti-LGBTQ+ Discourses in LGBTQ+-Affirming Spaces on Gab Social' (2023), Journal of Homosexuality [online]
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Brown, A., 'Reverse hate speech, pragmatics, and the authority problem' (2024), Philosophy and Social Criticism [online]
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Brown, A., 'The Free Speech Principle: A Topography' (2024), Canadian Journal of Law and Jurisprudence [online]
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Brown, A., 'Reverse Hate Speech, Pragmatics, and the Authority Problem' (2024), Philosophy & Social Criticism [online]
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Brown, A., '“Bigots in Black Robes”: Legal Ethics and Judicial Hate Speech' (2025), Intercultural Human Rights Laws Review, 20(2025), pp. 285–363
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Bryan, T., 'Investigating hate crime: Law enforcement decision making in race based hate crimes' (2022), Canadian Review of Sociology, 59(4), pp. 490-506
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Buckingham, L. & Alali, N., 'Extreme Parallels: A Corpus-Driven Analysis of ISIS and Far-Right Discourse' (2019), Kotuitui [online]
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Bührer, S., Koban, K. & Matthes, J., 'The WWW of digital hate perpetration: What, who, and why? A scoping review' (2024), Computers in Human Behavior, 159, 108321
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Buoncompagni, G., 'The Perception of Anti-Semitic Hatred in the Italian Media and Justice System' (2023), Fieldwork in Religion, 18(2), pp. 184–199
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Burch, L., '‘I haven’t got anywhere safe’: disabled people’s experiences of hate and violence within the home' (2023), Social and Cultural Geography [online]
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Burt, C.H., Simons, R.L. & Gibbons, F.X., 'Racial discrimination, ethnic-racial socialization, and crime: A micro-sociological model of risk and resilience' (2012), American Sociological Review, 77(4), pp.648-677
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Cabeza-San-Deogracias, J., Paz-Rebollo, M.A. & Casado-Linares, R., 'The construction of the perfect message in a digital environment: The case of Vinicius Junior and racism | La construcción del mensaje perfecto en un entorno digital. El caso de Vinicius Junior y el racismo' (2025), Estudios Sobre el Mensaje Periodistico, 31(1), pp. 77–88
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Cai, L., 'Analysis of Hate Crime Rates in the United States: Statistical Modeling of Public Safety Issues Based on Socioeconomic Factors' (2021), Proceedings - 2021 International Conference on E-Commerce and E-Management, ICECEM 2021, pp. 388-392
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Campo-Engelstein, L., 'Rape as a hate crime: An analysis of New York law' (2016), Hypatia, 31(1), pp.91-106
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Cao, A., Lindo, J.M. & Zhong, J., 'Can social media rhetoric incite hate incidents? Evidence from Trump’s “Chinese Virus” tweets' (2023), Journal of Urban Economics, 137, 103590
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Carballo Rodríguez, F.M., 'Civility as a horizon for democracy in Étienne Balibar | La civilidad como horizonte para la democracia en Étienne Balibar' (2023), Isegoria, 68, e11
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Carlson, C.R., 'Hate Speech as a Structural Phenomenon' (2020), First Amendment Studies [online]
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Carlson, K.B., 'Hate crime and reverse engineering the law' (2023), in L. Flower & S. Klosterkamp (Eds.) Courtroom Ethnography: Exploring Contemporary Approaches, Fieldwork and Challenges (pp. 129–144), Cham: Palgrave Macmillan
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Carrington, N.T., Keck, T.M. & Sigsworth, C., 'Minority Rights, Governing Regimes, or Secular Elites: Who Benefits from the Protection of Religious and Anti-Religious Speech by the U.S. Supreme Court and European Court of Human Rights?' (2023), Journal of Law and Courts, 11(2), pp. 221–255
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Carson, J.V., Fisher, D. & Dierenfeldt, R., 'The Influence of COVID-19 Restrictions and Rhetoric in the U.S.: A Multi-Definition and Multi-Method Approach' (2025), Justice Quarterly [online]
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Castellanos, M., Wettstein, A., Wachs, S. & Bilz, L., 'Direct and indirect effects of social dominance orientation on hate speech perpetration via empathy and moral disengagement among adolescents: A multilevel mediation model' (2023), Aggressive Behavior [online]
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Castillo, G.P., '“The Melancholy Bubble”. Emotional dangers in social media | [LA “BURBUJA DE LA MELANCOLÍA”. PELIGROS EMOCIONALES DE LAS REDES SOCIALES]' (2023), Human Review. International Humanities Review / Revista Internacional de Humanidades, 16(6)
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Celuch, M., Oksanen, A., Räsänen, P., Costello, M., Blaya, C., Zych, I., Llorent, V.J., Reichelmann, A. & Hawdon, J., 'Factors Associated with Online Hate Acceptance: A Cross-National Six-Country Study among Young Adults' (2022), International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(1), 534
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Cepollaro, B., 'Experimentally-Informed Philosophy of Hate Speech' (2023), in D. Bordonaba-Plou (Ed.) Logic, Argumentation and Reasoning, vol. 33 (pp. 173–187), Cham: Springer
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Cepollaro, B. & de Sa, D.L., 'The successes of reclamation' (2023), Synthese, 202(6), 205
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Cepollaro, B., Sulpizio, S., Bianchi, C. & Stojanovic, I., 'Slurs in quarantine' (2023), Mind and Language [online]
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Cervone, C., Augoustinos, M. & Maass, A., 'The Language of Derogation and Hate: Functions, Consequences, and Reappropriation' (2021), Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 40(1), pp. 80-101
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Cervone, C., Lucarini, A., Salvador Casara, B.G., Filippi, S., Scatolon, A. & Bettinsoli, M.L., 'The Words of (Non-)Humanity: Sexist Slurs Elicit Self-Dehumanization in Women' (2025), Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 44(1), pp. 12–37
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Chan, E., 'Technology-Facilitated Gender-Based Violence, Hate Speech, and Terrorism: A Risk Assessment on the Rise of the Incel Rebellion in Canada' (2022), Violence Against Women [online]
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Chan, K.K., 'Drivers of Race Crime and the Impact of Bridging Gaps: A Dynamic Empirical Analysis' (2022), Race and Social Problems [online]
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Chan, N.K.M. & Leung, V., 'The Activation of Anti-Asian Attitudes on Vote Choice' (2024), Political Behavior [online]
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Chen, Y., Sack, H. & Alam, M., 'Analyzing social media for measuring public attitudes toward controversies and their driving factors: a case study of migration' (2022), Social Network Analysis and Mining, 12(1), 135
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