Publications: Hate speech
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Bouazizi, M., Niida, N. & Ohtsuki, T., 'All-in-One Hate Speech Detectors May Not Be What You Want' (2021), ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, 3451498, pp. 165-170
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Boukala, S., 'The Greek left-wing and the ‘Jewish problem’: analysing antizionism and antisemitism as forms of soft hate speech' (2024), Critical Discourse Studies [online]
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Boukemia, J., Sältzer, M. & Boyer, S., 'Misogyny, politics, and social media determinants of hostile engagement against women parliamentarians on Twitter' (2024), Legislative Studies Quarterly [online]
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Boulouard, Z., Ouaissa, M. & Ouaissa, M., 'Machine Learning for Hate Speech Detection in Arabic Social Media' (2022), EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication and Computing, pp. 147-162
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Boulouard, Z., Ouaissa, M., Ouaissa, M., Krichen, M., Almutiq, M. & Gasmi, K., 'Detecting Hateful and Offensive Speech in Arabic Social Media Using Transfer Learning' (2022), Applied Sciences (Switzerland), 12(24), 12823
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Bourgeade, T., Chiril, P., Benamara, F. & Moriceau, V., 'What Did You Learn To Hate? A Topic-Oriented Analysis of Generalization in Hate Speech Detection' (2023), EACL 2023 - 17th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Proceedings of the Conference, pp. 3477-3490
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Bourou, M., '“Diversity is a code word. And what it means is white genocide!” The cinematic representation of neofascist rhetoric in four dramatic race-related films' (2022), Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict, 10(1), pp. 219-239
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Bousquet, C., 'Words That Harm: Defending the Dignity Approach to Hate Speech Regulation' (2022), Canadian Journal of Law and Jurisprudence, 35(1), pp. 31-57
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Bovet, A. & Grindrod, P., 'Organization and evolution of the UK far-right network on Telegram' (2022), Applied Network Science, 7(1), 76
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Bowker, J. & Ophoff, J., 'Reducing Exposure to Hateful Speech Online' (2022), Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 508 LNNS, pp. 630-645
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Boyle, K. & Berridge, S. (Eds.), 'The Routledge Companion to Gender, Media and Violence' (2023), London: Routledge
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Bozhidarova, M., Chang, J., Ale-Rasool, A., Liu, Y., Ma, C., Bertozzi, A.L., Brantingham, P.J., Lin, J. & Krishnagopal, S., 'Hate speech and hate crimes: a data-driven study of evolving discourse around marginalized groups' (2023), Proceedings - 2023 IEEE International Conference on Big Data, BigData 2023, pp. 3107–3116
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Br Ginting, P.S., Irawan, B. & Setianingsih, C., 'Hate Speech Detection on Twitter Using Multinomial Logistic Regression Classification Method' (2019), Proceedings - 2019 IEEE International Conference on Internet of Things and Intelligence System, IoTaIS 2019, 8980379, pp. 105-111
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Braddock, K., 'Vaccinating Against Hate: Using Attitudinal Inoculation to Confer Resistance to Persuasion by Extremist Propaganda' (2019), Terrorism and Political Violence [online]
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Brandariz, J.A., Fabini, G., Fernández-Bessa, C. & Ferraris, V. (Eds.), 'Border Criminologies from the Periphery: Cross-national Conversations on Bordered Penality' (2025), London: Routledge
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Brändle, G., Cáceres-Zapatero, M.-D. & Paz-Rebollo, M.-A., 'Feeling the hate: analysis of the perceived severity of hate speech in the Spanish population | Sentir el odio: análisis de la gravedad percibida de los discursos de odio en la población Española' (2024), Revista Espanola de Sociologia, 33(2), a219
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Brar, G., Sharma, G., Singh, P., Gupta, N., Kalra, N. & Parashar, A., 'NOMA—Non-offensive Messaging Application Framework Using Machine Learning Technique for Online Communication Through Social Media' (2023), Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies, 316, pp. 315-328
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Brata, D.W., Djunaidy, A. & Siahaan, D.O., 'Comparison of Deep Learning Methods in Detecting Hate Speech in Indonesian Tweets' (2023), ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, pp. 58–63
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Breazu, P., 'Entitlement Racism on YouTube: White injury—the licence to Humiliate Roma migrants in the UK' (2023), Discourse, Context and Media, 55, 100718
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Breazu, P. & Katson, N., 'ChatGPT-4 as a journalist: Whose perspectives is it reproducing?' (2024), Discourse and Society [online]
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Breazu, P. & Machin, D., 'Racism is not just hate speech: Ethnonationalist victimhood in YouTube comments about the Roma during Covid-19' (2022), Language in Society [online]
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Breitwieser, K., 'Can Contextualizing User Embeddings Improve Sarcasm and Hate Speech Detection?' (2022), NLPCSS 2022 - 5th Workshop on Natural Language Processing and Computational Social Science, NLP+CSS, Held at the 2022 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, EMNLP 2022, pp. 126-139
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Brennan, F., 'www.hatecrime.co Laws uncritical engagement' (2009), Information & Communications Technology Law, 18(2), pp.75-78
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Brett, C., '“We have watched the woke monster destroy everything”: gender and affect in the construction of wokeness on reactionary YouTube' (2025), Feminist Media Studies [online]
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Brightman, S., Lenning, E., Lurie, K.J. & DeJong, C., 'Anti-Transgender Ideology, Laws, and Homicide: An Analysis of the Trifecta of Violence' (2023), Homicide Studies [online]
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Briliani, A., Irawan, B. & Setianingsih, C., 'Hate Speech Detection in Indonesian Language on Instagram Comment Section Using K-Nearest Neighbor Classification Method' (2019), Proceedings - 2019 IEEE International Conference on Internet of Things and Intelligence System, IoTaIS 2019, 8980398, pp. 98-104
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Brink, D.O., 'Millian principles, freedom of expression and hate speech' (2001), Legal Theory, 7(2), pp.119-157
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Britt, B.C., 'Sex Sells Terrorism: How Sexual Appeals in Fringe Online Communities Contribute to Self-Radicalization' (2023), Social Science Computer Review [online]
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Brody, E., Greenhalgh, S.P. & Sajjad, M., 'Free Speech or Free to Hate?: Anti-LGBTQ+ Discourses in LGBTQ+-Affirming Spaces on Gab Social' (2023), Journal of Homosexuality [online]
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Bronitt, S., 'Hate speech, sedition and the war on terror' (2007), in Gelber, K. & Stone, A. (eds.) Hate Speech and Freedom of Speech in Australia. The Federation Press.
Brooten, L., 'When Media Fuel the Crisis: Fighting Hate Speech and Communal Violence in Myanmar' (2020), in J. Matthews & E. Thorsen (Eds.), Media, Journalism and Disaster Communities. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan
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Brown, A., 'What is hate speech? Part 2: Family resemblances' (2017), Law and Philosophy, 36(5), pp.561–613
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Brown, A., 'What is hate speech? Part 1: The myth of hate' (2017), Law and Philosophy, 36(4), pp.419–468
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Brown, A., 'The “who?” question in the hate speech debate: Part 1: Consistency, practical, and formal approaches' (2016), Canadian Journal of Law & Jurisprudence, 29(2), pp. 275-320
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Brown, A., 'Hate speech law: A philosophical examination' (2015), New York: Routledge.
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Brown, R.S., 'Susan Gellman has it right' (1992), Criminal Justice Ethics, 11(2), pp.46-48
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Brown, A., 'What is so special about online (as compared to offline) hate speech?' (2017), Ethnicities, 18(3), pp.297-326
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Brown, A., 'Reverse hate speech, pragmatics, and the authority problem' (2024), Philosophy and Social Criticism [online]
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Brown, A., 'The Free Speech Principle: A Topography' (2024), Canadian Journal of Law and Jurisprudence [online]
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Brown, A. & Sinclair, A., 'The Politics of Hate Speech Laws' (2019), London: Routledge
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Bruns, A., 'After the ‘APIcalypse’: social media platforms and their fight against critical scholarly research' (2019), Information Communication and Society [online]
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Buckingham, L. & Alali, N., 'Extreme Parallels: A Corpus-Driven Analysis of ISIS and Far-Right Discourse' (2019), Kotuitui [online]
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Budiyanto, Masum, A., Aidonojie, P.A. & Aslan, J., 'Problems of Legal Implementation of the Criminal Offense of Spreading Fake News and Hate Speech in Papua' (2024), Law Reform: Jurnal Pembaharuan Hukum, 20(2), pp. 278–300
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Buenestado-Fernández, M., Jiménez-Millán, A., & Palacios-Hidalgo, F. J. (Eds.), 'Comprehensive Sexuality Education for Gender-Based Violence Prevention' (2024), Hershey, PA: IGI Global
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Bührer, S., Koban, K. & Matthes, J., 'The WWW of digital hate perpetration: What, who, and why? A scoping review' (2024), Computers in Human Behavior, 159, 108321
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Bulla, L., Gangemi, A. & Mongiovì, M., 'Towards Distribution-shift Robust Text Classification of Emotional Content' (2023), Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pp. 8256–8268
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Bunde, E., 'AI-assisted and explainable hate speech detection for social media moderators – A design science approach' (2021), Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2020-January, pp. 1264-1273
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Buoncompagni, G., '“Intolerant Television”—The Coverage on Antisemitic Events in Italian Television News in 2019–2022' (2025), Social Sciences, 14(2), 64
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Buoncompagni, G. & D’ambrosi, L., 'Hate Speech Towards Migrants' (2020), in G. La Rocca & J. Martínez-Torvisco (Eds.) Technological and Digital Risk: Research Issues. Peter Lang Publishers
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Burbi, G., Baldrati, A., Agnolucci, L., Bertini, M. & Del Bimbo, A., 'Mapping Memes to Words for Multimodal Hateful Meme Classification' (2023), Proceedings - 2023 IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision Workshops, ICCVW 2023, pp. 2824–2828
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