Publications: Hate speech
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Thapa, S., Shiwakoti, S., Shah, S.B., Adhikari, S., Veerramani, H., Nasim, M. & Naseem, U., 'Large language models (LLM) in computational social science: prospects, current state, and challenges' (2025), Social Network Analysis and Mining, 15(1), 4
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Thareja, R., 'Multimodal Sentiment Analysis of Social Media Content and Its Impact on Mental Wellbeing: An Investigation of Extreme Sentiments' (2024), ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, pp. 469–473
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The Economist, 'Students are ever quicker to label offensive material as hate speech' (2015), The Economist, Oct 27th 2015 (online)
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The Online Civil Courage Initiative (OCCI), 'Information pack on counterspeech engagement' (2016), Institute for Strategic Dialogue
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Thelen, C., 'Hate Speech as Protected Conduct: Reworking the Approach to Offensive Speech Under the NLRA' (2019), Iowa Law Review, 104(2), pp. 985-1015
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Themeli, C., Giannakopoulos, G. & Pittaras, N., 'A Study of Text Representations for Hate Speech Detection' (2023), Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), 13452 LNCS, pp. 424-437
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Theophilo, A. & Rocha, A., 'Authorship Attribution of Small Messages Through Language Models' (2022), 2022 IEEE International Workshop on Information Forensics and Security, WIFS 2022
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Thi, T.N. & Do, T.-H., 'Lexicon-enhanced hate speech detection on Vietnamese social network data' (2022), Proceedings - 2022 IEEE International Conference on Cybernetics and Computational Intelligence, CyberneticsCom 2022, pp. 90-95
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Thilagavathy, A., Deepa, R., Lalitha, S.D., Raju, D.N., Ramya, R., Ramya, M., Rithika, L. & Sundari, K.K., 'Semantic-Based Classification of Toxic Comments Using Ensemble Learning' (2023), E3S Web of Conferences, 399, 04017
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Thomas, P.B., Riehm, D., Glenski, M. & Weninger, T., 'Behavior Change in Response to Subreddit Bans and External Events' (2021), IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems [online]
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Thompson, S., '‘Hate Speech and Self-Restraint’' (2019), Ethical Theory and Moral Practice [online]
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Thomson, H., 'Undercover with Online Extremists' (2020), New Scientist, 245(3272), pp. 41-43
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Titli, S.R. & Paul, S., 'Automated Bengali abusive text classification: Using Deep Learning Techniques' (2023), IEEE International Conference on Advances in Electronics, Communication, Computing and Intelligent Information Systems, ICAECIS 2023 – Proceedings
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Tiwari, A. & Agrawal, A., 'Comparative Analysis of Different Machine Learning Methods for Hate Speech Recognition in Twitter Text Data' (2022), Proceedings of the 2022 3rd International Conference on Intelligent Computing, Instrumentation and Control Technologies: Computational Intelligence for Smart Systems, ICICICT 2022, pp. 1016-1020
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Tiwari, S.P. & Fahrudin, A., 'Content moderation in the age of AI' (2025), Hershey, PA: IGI Global Scientific Publishing
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Tjon Soei Len, L.K.L. & De Ruijter, A., 'Conceptualising the tortuous harms of sexist and racist hate speech' (2023), European Law Open, 2(1), pp. 8–29
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Tobar-Arancibia, A., Moreno, S. & Lopatin, J., 'Hate Speech Recognition in Chilean Tweets' (2023), Proceedings - International Conference of the Chilean Computer Science Society (SCCC)
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Toha, F.R., Akter, K., Tabassum, L. & Islam, M.M., 'Beyond Language Boundaries: Analysis and Ensemble Approach of Hate Speech Detection in South Asian Social Media' (2023), 2023 26th International Conference on Computer and Information Technology, ICCIT 2023
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Toktarova, A., Iztaev, Z., Kozhabekova, P., Suieuova, N., Opondo, R.O., Kerimbekov, M. & Zhunisbekova, Z., 'Automated hate speech classification using emotion analysis in social media user generated texts' (2022), Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology, 100(22), pp. 6621-6634
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Toktarova, A., Syrlybay, D., Myrzakhmetova, B., Anuarbekova, G., Rakhimbayeva, G., Zhylanbaeva, B., Suieuova, N. & Kerimbekov, M., 'Hate Speech Detection in Social Networks using Machine Learning and Deep Learning Methods' (2023), International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 14(5), pp. 396-406
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Toliyat, A., Levitan, S.I., Peng, Z. & Etemadpour, R., 'Asian hate speech detection on Twitter during COVID-19' (2022), Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, 5, 932381
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Tomas, J.P.Q., Carlos, K.A.C., Ebora, J.R.O. & Garin, D.E.A., 'Optimizing Language Model-based Algorithms for Enhanced Content Moderation and Toxicity Classification Using Twitter Data' (2024), ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, pp. 26–34
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Tommasini, R., Illievski, F. & Wijesiriwardene, T., 'IMKG: The Internet Meme Knowledge Graph' (2023), Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), 13870 LNCS, pp. 354–371
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Tong, S.T. & DeAndrea, D.C., 'The Effects of Observer Expectations on Judgments of Anti-Asian Hate Tweets and Online Activism Response' (2023), Social Media and Society, 9(1)
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Tonneau, M., de Castro, P.V.Q., Lasri, K., Farouq, I., Subramanian, L., Orozco-Olvera, V. & Fraiberger, S.P., 'NAIJAHATE: Evaluating Hate Speech Detection on Nigerian Twitter Using Representative Data' (2024), Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 1, pp. 9020–9040
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Tontodimamma, A., del Gobbo, E., Russo, V., Sarra, A. & Fontanella, L., 'Facebook Debate on Sea Watch 3 Case: Detecting Offensive Language Through Automatic Topic Mining Techniques' (2021), Studies in Classification, Data Analysis, and Knowledge Organization, pp. 367-378
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Tontodimamma, A., Fontanella, L., Anzani, S. & Basile, V., 'An Italian lexical resource for incivility detection in online discourses' (2022), Quality and Quantity [online]
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Tontodimamma, A., Nissi, E., Sarra, A. & Fontanella, L., 'Thirty Years of Research Into Hate Speech: Topics of Interest and Their Evolution' (2020), Scientometrics [online]
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Topidi, K., 'Accountability in the globalised digital age: Online content moderation and hate speech in the European Union' (2021), in P. Mikuli & G. Kuca (Eds.) Accountability and the Law: Rights, Authority and Transparency of Public Power (pp. 9-27), London: Routledge
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Topidi, K., 'Attacking Muslim Minority Women Online' (2024), Journal of Religion in Europe, 17(4), pp. 434–472
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Topor, L., 'Antisemitic influence campaigns geopolitical influence through the cyber domain' (2024), in Z. Cope (Ed.) The Palgrave Handbook of Contemporary Geopolitics (pp. 1375–1395), Cham: Palgrave Macmillan
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Toraman, C., Şahinuç, F. & Yilmaz, E.H., 'BlackLivesMatter 2020: An Analysis of Deleted and Suspended Users in Twitter' (2022), ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, pp. 290-295
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Törnberg, A. & Törnberg, P., 'White supremacists anonymous: how digital media emotionally energize far-right movements' (2023), Journal of Information Technology and Politics [online]
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Törnberg, A. & Törnberg, P., 'Intimate Communities of Hate: Why Social Media Fuels Far-Right Extremism' (2024), London: Routledge
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Torrens-Urrutia, A., Jiménez-López, M.D. & Campillo-Muñoz, S., 'Dealing with Evaluative Expressions and Hate Speech Metaphors with Fuzzy Property Grammar Systems' (2023), Axioms, 12(5), 484
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Toscano, M., 'Pornography, hate and freedom of expression. Ronald Dworkin’s arguments | [Pornografía, odio y libertad de expresión. Los argumentos de Ronald Dworkin]' (2022), Isegoria, (67), e04
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Toshevska, M., Kalajdziski, S. & Gievska, S., 'Graph Neural Networks for Antisocial Behavior Detection on Twitter' (2024), Communications in Computer and Information Science, 1991 CCIS, pp. 222–236
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Trafder, S., Saha, S.K. & Biswas, H., 'Exploring the Effectiveness of Transformer-Based Models and ML Algorithms for Bengali Hate Speech Classification' (2024), PEEIACON 2024 - International Conference on Power, Electrical, Electronics and Industrial Applications, pp. 528–533
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Trajano, D., Bordini, R.H. & Vieira, R., 'OLID-BR: offensive language identification dataset for Brazilian Portuguese' (2023), Language Resources and Evaluation [online]
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Tran, H.N. & Kruschwitz, U., 'Towards Reducing Misinformation and Toxic Content Using Cross-Lingual Text Summarization' (2023), CEUR Workshop Proceedings, 3406, pp. 1-16
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Trauthig, I.K., '‘This is the fate of Libyan women:’ contempt, ridicule, and indifference of Seham Sergiwa' (2024), Conflict, Security and Development, 24(2), pp. 149–173
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Tremblay, M.-C., 'The Wicked Interplay of Hate Rhetoric, Politics and the Internet: What Can Health Promotion Do to Counter Right-Wing Extremism?' (2020), Health Promotion International, 35(1), pp. 1-4
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Tretiakov, A., Martín, A. & Camacho, D., 'Detection of False Information in Spanish Using Machine Learning Techniques' (2022), Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), 13756 LNCS, pp. 42-53
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Tri Wibowo, B., Nurjanah, D. & Nurrahmi, H., 'Identification of Misogyny on Social Media in Indonesian Using Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT)' (2023), 5th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Information and Communication, ICAIIC 2023, pp. 401-406
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Trickett, L., 'The offensive blanket of free speech online' (2017), Solicitors Journal
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Trigoso, M., 'Parody against hate speech: On how political hate speech can be fought by turning the world upside down' (2023), Internet Pragmatics, 6(2), pp. 259–284
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Trindade, L.V.P., 'Disparagement Humour and Gendered Racism on Social Media in Brazil' (2019), Ethnic and Racial Studies [online]
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Trindade, L.V.P., 'Disability is no laughing matter. A critical discourse analysis of disability mockery on social media in Brazil | Deficiência física não é motivo de piada. Uma análise crítica do discurso sobre a zombaria da deficiência física nas redes sociais no Brasil' (2023), Canadian Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies [online]
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Trindade, L.V.P., 'Hate speech and abusive behaviour on social media: A cross-cultural perspective' (2024), Wilmington, DE: Vernon Press
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Tripathi, G. & Natraj, S., 'Community hatred detection using deep learning on social media in an IoT environment' (2021), International Conference on Electrical, Computer, Communications and Mechatronics Engineering, ICECCME 2021
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