Publications: Hate speech
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Sood, O. & Dandapat, S., 'Problematic Webpage Identification: A Trilogy of Hatespeech, Search Engines and GPT' (2023), Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pp. 126–137
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Sookarah, D. & Ramwodin, L.S., 'Combatting online harassment by using transformer language models for the detection of emotions, hate speech and offensive language on social media' (2022), ELECOM 2022 - Proceedings of the 2022 4th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Trends in Electrical, Electronic and Communications Engineering
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Soral, W., Bieńkowski, M. & Bilewicz, M., 'Hate Speech on the Map of Stereotype Content' (2025), Social Psychology [online]
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Soral, W., Bieńkowski, M. & Bilewicz, M., 'Hate Speech on the Map of Stereotype Content: Verbal Aggression Is Targeted at Contempt-Evoking Outgroups' (2024), Social Psychology, 55(6), pp. 285–294
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Soral, W., Liu, J.H. & Bilewicz, M., 'Media of Contempt: Social Media Consumption Predicts Normative Acceptance of Anti-Muslim Hate Speech and Islamoprejudice' (2020), International Journal of Conflict and Violence, 14, pp. 1-13
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Soral, W., Malinowska, K. & Bilewicz, M., 'The Role of Empathy in Reducing Hate Speech Proliferation. Two Contact-Based Interventions in Online and Off-line Settings' (2022), Peace and Conflict [online]
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Soral, W., Świderska, A., Puchała, D. & Bilewicz, M., 'Desensitization to hate speech: Examination using heart rate measurement' (2023), Aggressive Behavior [online]
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Sorato, D., 'Using Word Embeddings for Immigrant and Refugee Stereotype Quantification in a Diachronic and Multilingual Setting' (2022), CEUR Workshop Proceedings, 3270, pp. 58-66
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Sorato, D., Goularte, F.B. & Fileto, R., 'Short Semantic Patterns: A Linguistic Pattern Mining Approach for Content Analysis Applied to Hate Speech' (2020), International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools, 29(2), 2040002
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Šori, I. & Vehovar, V., 'Reported User-Generated Online Hate Speech: The ‘Ecosystem’, Frames, and Ideologies' (2022), Social Sciences, 11(8), 375
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Soria, M.G.C. & Castiglioni, M.C., 'Media and information literacy and hate speech: a necessary relationship | Letramento midiático e informacional e discurso de ódio: uma relação necessária' (2024), Revista Ibero-Americana de Ciencia da Informacao, 17(1), pp. 175–190
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Sornalakshmi, R.R., Ramu, M., Raghuveer, K., Vuyyura, V.A., Venkateswarlu, D. & Balakumar, A., 'Harmful News Detection using BERT model through sentimental analysis' (2024), 2024 International Conference on Intelligent Systems and Advanced Applications, ICISAA 2024
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Sorrentino, D., 'Words are stones: hate compounds in German: Some examples from Twitter posts by members of the Alternative für Deutschland (AfD) | orte sind Steine: i composti dell’odio in tedesco. Alcuni esempi dai post su Twitter di esponenti del partito Alternative für Deutschland (AfD)' (2024), Analisi Linguistica e Letteraria, 32(2), pp. 55–74
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Sosinski, M. & Sánchez García, F.J., '“Invasion effect” Populism and ideology in the Spanish political discourse on refugees. The Vox case | [“Efecto invasión” Populismo e ideología en el discurso político español sobre los refugiados. El caso de Vox]' (2022), Discurso y Sociedad, 16(1), pp. 149-172
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Soto, C.A.A. & Sánchez, K.D.V., 'Internet Violence Against Chilean Feminists and Other Activists | [Violencia En Internet Contra Feministas Y Otras Activistas Chilenas]' (2019), Revista Estudos Feministas, 27(3), e58797
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Soto, C.P., Nunes, G.M.S., Gomes, J.G.R.C. & Nedjah, N., 'Application-specific word embeddings for hate and offensive language detection' (2022), Multimedia Tools and Applications [online]
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Sottiaux, S., 'Conflicting Conceptions of Hate Speech in the ECtHR’s Case Law' (2022), German Law Journal, 23(9), pp. 1193-1211
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Sowjanya, M., Devendraiah, K.M., Kalpana, V., Ramana, K.V., Hazela, B. & Vaigandla, K.K., 'Advanced Fake News and Hate Speech Detection Leveraging Spectral Graph Theory' (2024), International Conference on Distributed Systems, Computer Networks and Cybersecurity, ICDSCNC 2024
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Spada, I., Lai, M. & Patti, V., 'Inters8: A Corpus to Study Misogyny and Intersectionality on Twitter' (2023), Proceedings of the 9th Italian Conference on Computational Linguistics (CLiC-it 2023)
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Spaid, S., 'On deterring hate speech, while maximizing security and privacy' (2024), in S. Caballé, J. Casas-Roma & J. Conesa (Eds.) Ethics in Online Ai-Based Systems: Risks and Opportunities in Current Technological Trends (pp. 365–381), Cambridge, MA: Academic Press
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Spinde, T., Richter, E., Wessel, M., Kulshrestha, J. & Donnay, K., 'What do Twitter comments tell about news article bias? Assessing the impact of news article bias on its perception on Twitter' (2023), Online Social Networks and Media, 37-38, 100264
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Sponholz, L., 'Hate Speech in den Massenmedien: Theoretische Grundlagen und empirische Umsetzung' (2018), Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften
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Sponholz, L., 'Hate Speech in Sozialen Medien: Motor der Eskalation?' (2019), in H. Friese, M. Nolden & M. Schreiter (Eds.), Rassismus im Alltag (pp. 157-178). Bielefeld: transcript Verlag (in German only)
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Sponholz, L., 'Der Begriff „Hate Speech“ in der Deutschsprachigen Forschung. Eine Empirische Begriffsanalyse [The Concept “Hate Speech” in German-speaking Research. An Empirical Conceptual Analysis]' (2020), SWS-Rundschau 1, pp. 45-63 [in German only]
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Sponholz, L., & Christofoletti, R., 'From preachers to comedians: Ideal types of hate speakers in Brazil' (2019), Global Media and Communication, 15(1), pp. 67–84
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Spoo, R. & Stern, S. (Eds.), 'Elgar Concise Encyclopedia of Law and Literature' (2025), Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing
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Sportelli, C., Cicirelli, P.G., Paciello, M., Corbelli, G. & D'Errico, F., '“Let’s Make the Difference!” Promoting Hate Counter-Speech in Adolescence Through Empathy and Digital Intergroup Contact' (2025), Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 35(1), e70028
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Šramel, B. & Horváth, P., 'Internet as the communication medium of the 21st century: Do we need a special legal regulation of freedom of expression on the internet?' (2021), Lawyer Quarterly, 11(1), pp. 141-157
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Šramel, B. & Michal, S., 'From Liberty to Liability: EU Responses to the Abuse of Freedom of Expression Online' (2025), Social Sciences, 14(9), 557
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Sreelakshmi, K., Premjith, B. & Soman, K.P., 'Detection of Hate Speech Text in Hindi-English Code-mixed Data' (2020), Procedia Computer Science, 171, pp. 737-744
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Sreelakshmi, K., Premjith, B., Chakravarthi, B.R. & Soman, K.P., 'Detection of Hate Speech and Offensive Language CodeMix Text in Dravidian Languages using Cost-Sensitive Learning Approach' (2024), IEEE Access [online]
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Sreelakshmi, K., Premjith, B., Gopalakrishnan, E.A. & Soman, K.P., 'Study of Markov Chains for the Identification of the Hate Contents in Hinglish' (2022), Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 446, pp. 215-224
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Sri Rangalakshmi, M., Tripathi, M.K., Karnati, R. & Ganesh, D., 'Analyzing Abusive Language Detection Using BERT Models' (2026), Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering Lnicst, 621 LNICST, pp. 283–291
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Srikissoon, T. & Marivate, V., 'Combating Hate: How Multilingual Transformers Can Help Detect Topical Hate Speech' (2023), EPiC Series in Computing, 93, pp. 203-215
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Srinivas, P.Y.K.L, Das, A. & Pulabaigari, V., 'Racists spreader is narcissistic; sexists is Machiavellian Influence of Psycho-Sociological Facets in hate-speech diffusion prediction' (2024), Expert Systems with Applications, 247, 123211
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Sriram, S., Chandran, P.P. & Shrijith, M.R., 'PoSh at SemEval-2023 Task 10: Explainable Detection of Online Sexism' (2023), 17th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation, SemEval 2023 - Proceedings of the Workshop, pp. 1276–1281
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Srivastava, A.K., Srivastava, M., Das, S., Jain, V. & Chandra, T.B., 'Leveraging Deep Learning for Comprehensive Multilingual Hate Speech Detection' (2025), Procedia Computer Science, 252, pp. 832–840
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Stahel, L. & Baier, D., 'Digital Hate Speech Experiences Across Age Groups and Their Impact on Well-Being: A Nationally Representative Survey in Switzerland' (2023), Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 26(7), pp. 519–526
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Stajnko, J., Siter, D. & Tomažič, L.M., 'Discrimination, freedom of expression and two concepts of liberty: Assessing European legislation criminalizing hate speech' (2024), Hungarian Journal of Legal Studies, 64(2), pp. 288–307
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Stavros, S., 'The European Commission’s against racism and intolerance new general policy recommendation on combating hate speech' (2017), in J.-P. Jacque, F. Benoit-Rohmer, P. Grigoriou and M.D. Marouda (Eds.), On the international community: Legal, political, diplomatic issues, Liber Amicorum Stelios Perrakis (pp.413-420), I.Sideris
Stechemesser, A., Levermann, A. & Wenz, L., 'Temperature impacts on hate speech online: evidence from 4 billion geolocated tweets from the USA' (2022), The Lancet Planetary Health, 6(9), pp. e714-e725
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Stechemesser, A., Wenz, L. & Levermann, A., 'Corona Crisis Fuels Racially Profiled Hate in Social Media Networks' (2020), EClinicalMedicine, 100372 [online]
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Stechemesser, A., Wenz, L., Kotz, M. & Levermann, A., 'Strong increase of racist tweets outside of climate comfort zone in Europe' (2021), Environmental Research Letters, 16(11), 114001
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Stefanelli, F., Menesini, E., Nocentini, A. & Palladino, B.E., 'Exposure to and Speaking Up Against Online Ethnic Hate Speech: The Role of Xenophobia in a Three-Wave Longitudinal Study' (2023), Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking [online]
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Ştefăniţă, O. & Buf, D.-M., 'Hate speech in social media and its effects on the LGBT community: A review of the current research' (2021), Romanian Journal of Communication and Public Relations, 23(1), pp. 47-55
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Steflja, I., 'Professional Women as Perpetrators: A Conversation with Valérie, “Rwanda’s Voice of Death”' (2024), Journal of Genocide Research [online]
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Stenger, H., True, J., Buranajaroenkij, D. & Satasut, P., 'The Gendered Politics of State-Sanctioned Extremism: Evidence from a Study of Buddhist Protectionism' (2025), Politics and Gender [online]
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Stengg, W., 'Digital policy in the EU: Towards a human-centred digital transformation' (2024), Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing
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Stenlund, K., 'Memory is but the Slave To purpose? — On the Selective Uses of Holocaust Memory in European Law Making' (2025), Law and Critique [online]
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Steuer, M., 'Cultural expertise, hate speech, and the far right: the Slovak Mazurek case' (2024), Legal Pluralism and Critical Social Analysis [online]
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