Publications: Hate speech
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Stewart, J., 'Anti-Muslim Hate Speech and Displacement Narratives: Case Studies From Sri Lanka and Australia' (2019), Australian Journal of Social Issues [online]
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Stewart, N.K., Al-Rawi, A., Celestini, C. & Worku, N., 'Hate Influencers’ Mediation of Hate on Telegram: “We Declare War Against the Anti-White System”' (2023), Social Media and Society, 9(2)
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Stjernholm, E. & Schempp, A., '“Nazis, I hate these guys”: Indiana Jones as an antifascist memetic icon' (2025), Critical Studies in Media Communication, 42(2), pp. 129–144
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Stokes, S. & Davis, C.H.F., 'In Defense of Dignitary Safety: A Phenomenological Study of Student Resistance to Hate Speech on Campus' (2022), Peabody Journal of Education [online]
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Stone, A., 'How to think about the problem of hate speech: Understanding a comparative debate' (2007), in Gelber, K. & Stone, A. (eds.) Hate Speech and Freedom of Speech in Australia. The Federation Press.
Stone, A. & Schauer, F. (Eds.), 'The Oxford Handbook of Freedom of Speech' (2021), Oxford: Oxford University Press
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Strand, C. & Svensson, J., 'Foreign Norm Entrepreneurs’ Misinformation and Disinformation Narratives on LGBT+ Rights in Europe | [Borba protiv kampanja dezinformiranja i pogrešnog informiranja koje provode norm enterpreneurs, a usmjerene su na LGBTI+ zajednicu u Europi]' (2022), Medijska Istrazivanja, 28(2), pp. 109-132
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Stranisci, M.A., Frenda, S., Lai, M., Araque, O., Cignarella, A.T., Basile, V., Patti, V. & Bosco, C., 'O-Dang! The Ontology of Dangerous Speech Messages' (2022), 2nd Workshop on Sentiment Analysis and Linguistic Linked Data, SALLD 2022 - held in conjunction with the International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation, LREC 2022 – Proceedings, pp. 2-8
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Stremlau, N. & Gagliardone, I., 'Socio-Legal Approaches to Online Hate Speech' (2019), in N. Creutzfeldt, M. Mason & K. McConnachie (Eds.) Routledge Handbook of Socio-Legal Theory and Methods. London: Routledge
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Strmic-Pawl, H., Chito Childs, E. & Laudone, S., 'Asian-White Mixed Identity after COVID-19: Racist Racial Projects and the Effects on Asian Multiraciality' (2022), Genealogy, 6(2), 53
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Stroińska, M. & Cecchetto, V., 'Can There Be a ‘Safe Haven’ for Trauma Survivors in This Social Media Dominated World?' (2019), Trames, 23(2), pp. 223-238
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Struck, J. & Wagner, D., 'Online Hate Speech – Social Complexity of Individual Excesses. Micro- and Macro-Sociological Perspectives on Attributions of Inequality in Digital Speech Acts | [Online Hate Speech – gesellschaftliche Komplexität individueller Exzesse. Mikro- und makrosoziologische Perspektiven auf Ungleichwertigkeitszuschreibungen in digitalen Sprechakten]' (2022), Kriminologie, 4(2), pp. 179-195
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Stylianou, N., Tsikrika, T., Vrochidis, S. & Kompatsiaris, I., 'Cross-Domain Hate Speech Detection for Content Moderation in Greek Social Networks' (2024), Proceedings 2024 IEEE WIC International Conference on Web Intelligence and Intelligent Agent Technology, WI IAT 2024, pp. 373–379
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Su, L., Wang, Z., Peng, Y. & Sun, C., 'Identification of Offensive Language in Social Media Using Prompt Learning' (2023), Proceedings - 2023 IEEE 11th International Conference on Healthcare Informatics, ICHI 2023, pp. 690–691
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Su, X., Li, Y., Branco, P. & Inkpen, D., 'SSL-GAN-RoBERTa: A robust semi-supervised model for detecting Anti-Asian COVID-19 hate speech on social media' (2023), Natural Language Engineering [online]
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Suárez-Álvarez, R., Catalina-García, B. & García-Jiménez, A., 'Hate speech dichotomy in X. Polarization of tweets and comments on climate change and youth | Dicotomía del discurso de odio en X. Polarización de tuits y comentarios sobre el cambio climático y los jóvenes' (2025), Estudios Sobre El Mensaje Periodistico, 31(2), pp. 299–311
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Subramanian, M., Adhithiya, G.J., Gowthamkrishnan, S. & Deepti, R., 'Detecting Offensive Tamil Texts Using Machine Learning And Multilingual Transformer Models' (2022), 1st IEEE International Conference on Smart Technologies and Systems for Next Generation Computing, ICSTSN 2022
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Subramanian, M., Easwaramoorthy Sathiskumar, V., Deepalakshmi, G., Cho, J. & Manikandan, G., 'A survey on hate speech detection and sentiment analysis using machine learning and deep learning models' (2023), Alexandria Engineering Journal, 80, pp. 110–121
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Sudharsan, V., Kumar, U.N., Evan, X.M. & Jeya, J.J., 'Multi-task semantic level hate speech detection using transformer based model and ensemble classifiers' (2025), in S. Kaur, S. Kamboj, M. Kumar, A. Dagur & D. Kumar Shukla (Eds.) Computational Methods in Science and Technology - Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Computational Methods in Science and Technology, ICCMST 2024, Volume 2 (pp. 349–354), London: CRC Press
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Sugandhi, K., Reddy, R.U.K., Reddy, K.R.K. & Reddy, B.B., 'Predicting Hate Words and Offensive Language: A Machine Learning Approach' (2024), Proceedings - 2024 8th International Conference on Inventive Systems and Control, ICISC 2024, pp. 205–210
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Sujatha, V., Tejaswi, Y., Pravalika, V., Pavani, P. & Sravani, C., 'Harmful content classification in social media using gated recurrent units and bidirectional encoder representations from transformer' (2025), in A. Tiwari & M. Darbari (Eds.) Emerging Trends in Computer Science and Its Application (pp. 266–271), London: CRC Press
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Suleiman, H.A. & Ali, Z.H., 'Arabic Extremism Detection on Social Media Using Machine Learning' (2025), AIP Conference Proceedings, 3282(1), 030008
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Sultan, D., Mussiraliyeva, S., Toktarova, A., Nurtas M., Iztayev Z., Zhaidakbaeva L., Shaimerdenova L., Akhmetova, O. & Omarov, B., 'Cyberbullying and Hate Speech Detection on Kazakh-Language Social Networks' (2021), Proceedings - 2021 7th IEEE International Conference on Big Data Security on Cloud, IEEE International Conference on High Performance and Smart Computing, and IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Data and Security, BigDataSecurity/HPSC/IDS 2021, 9463568, pp. 197-201
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Sultan, D., Omarov, B., Kozhamkulova, Z., Kazbekova, G., Alimzhanova, L., Dautbayeva, A., Zholdassov, Y. & Abdrakhmanov, R., 'A Review of Machine Learning Techniques in Cyberbullying Detection' (2023), Computers, Materials and Continua, 74(3), pp. 2625-2640
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Sultan, D., Toktarova, A., Zhumadillayeva, A., Aldeshov, S., Mussiraliyeva, S., Beissenova, G., Tursynbayev, A., Baenova, G. & Imanbayeva, A., 'Cyberbullying-related Hate Speech Detection Using Shallow-to-deep Learning' (2023), Computers, Materials and Continua, 74(1), pp. 2115-2131
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Sultana, A., Das, D., Alam, S.B., Shidujaman, M. & Ahmed, S.I., 'A Civics-oriented Approach to Understanding Intersectionally Marginalized Users’ Experience with Hate Speech Online' (2025), ICTD 2024 - Proceedings of the 2024 International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development, pp. 57–68
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Sulzhytski, I., 'Opposition as “a Mould on the Fatherland”: Hate Speech and Grassroots Telegram Propaganda in Belarus' (2022), Journal of Belarusian Studies, 908(2), 12350018
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Sumanth, P., Samiuddin, S., Jamal, K., Domakonda, S. & Shivani, P., 'Toxic Speech Classification using Machine Learning Algorithms' (2022), Proceedings of the 2022 International Conference on Electronic Systems and Intelligent Computing, ICESIC 2022, pp. 257-263
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Sumartias, S., Dewi, E.A.S., Sjoraida, D.F., Budiana, H.R. & Ratnasari, E., 'From Memes to Activism: A Bibliometric Analysis of Digital Democracy Research in Indonesia (2014-2024)' (2025), Ethiopian Renaissance Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 12(1), pp. 1–31
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Sumartias, S., Pulubuhu, D.A.T., Elfitra & Ratnasari, E., 'Portrait of Hate Speech Propagators’ Behaviour in Indonesia Twittersphere: A Comparative Virtual Ethnography Study' (2024), Jurnal Komunikasi: Malaysian Journal of Communication, 40(2), pp. 1–22
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Sun, Y. & Xiao, H., 'Profiling Hate Speech Spreaders on Twitter using BERT Pre-trained Model and Neural Network' (2022), Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, 125005X
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Sunagar, P., Kanavalli, A., Nayak, S.S., Mahan, S.R., Prasad, S. & Prasad, S., 'Classification of Hate Tweets Using Hybrid Deep Belief Network Algorithm' (2022), Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 936, pp. 3-12
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Sundaram, V., Pavan, R.S., Kandaala, S. & Reddy, R.R., 'Distinguishing Hate Speech from Sarcasm' (2022), 2022 International Conference for Advancement in Technology, ICONAT 2022
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Sunday, A.B., 'Critical sociocognitive analysis of hate speech in the 2015 Nigerian presidential election campaign' (2021), Pragmatics and Society, 12(1), pp. 59-78
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Suntaxi, J.G., Recalde, L., Loza-Aguirre, E. & Martinez-Mosquera, D., 'Cholo, Indio, Mono: Ecuador and the Linguistic Context of Hate Speech on Twitter' (2024), International Conference on eDemocracy and eGovernment, ICEDEG 2024
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Sureja, N., Chaudhari, N., Patel, P., Bhatt, J., Desai, T. & Parikh, V., 'Hyper-tuned Swarm Intelligence Machine Learning-based Sentiment Analysis of Social Media' (2024), Engineering, Technology and Applied Science Research, 14(4), pp. 15415–15421
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Suresh Babu, C.V., Kowsika, S., Tejaswi, M.S., Janarakshani, T.R. & Princy, S.M., 'Framework for detection of cyberbullying in text data using natural language processing and machine learning' (2023), in N. Chitadze (Ed.) Cyber Security Policies and Strategies of the World's Leading States (pp. 69–85), Hershey, PA: IGI Global
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Suryono, M.E.P. & Djunaidy, A., 'Enhancing Hate Speech Detection on Social Media through Sentiment Analysis and Transformer-Based Deep Learning Techniques' (2024), Proceedings - ICE3IS 2024: 4th International Conference on Electronic and Electrical Engineering and Intelligent System: Leading-Edge Technologies for Sustainable Societies, pp. 420–425
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Sutarsih, Subyantoro, Mardikantoro, H.B. & Yuniawan, T., 'Cases of Women’s Hate Speech Due to the Use of Taboo Language on Social Media' (2024), Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 14(9), pp. 2814–2822
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Suvidutt, M.S. & Tomer, A., 'Hate Speech Against Disabled Persons in India: An Analysis of Legal Provisions and Judicial Interpretations' (2022), Journal of Forensic Medicine Science and Law, 31(2), pp. 71-76
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Suvidutt, M.S. & Tomer, A., 'Violence, Hate Speech, and Hostility Against the Healthcare Professionals in India: A Contemporary Legal Review' (2022), Journal of Forensic Medicine Science and Law, 31(1), pp. 90-95
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Suvidutt, M.S. & Tomer, A., 'Religious Hate Speech Vs Peaceful Co-Existence: A Socio-Legal Review' (2022), Journal of Dharma, 47(4), pp. 473-492
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Swain, E., 'Hate speech or legitimate satire? Drawing the line in cartoons' (2023), Hermes (Denmark), (63), pp. 65–81
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Swain, M., Biswal, M., Raj, P., Kumar, A. & Mishra, D., 'Hate and Offensive Language Identification from Social Media: A Machine Learning Approach' (2022), Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 860, pp. 335-342
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Swannie, B., 'Speaking back: Does counter speech provide adequate redress for racial vilification?' (2021), Adelaide Law Review, 42(1), pp. 39-72
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Sy, A. & Lopresti, E., 'Between hate speech and fear: throwing evil across the border | [Entre los discursos de odio y el miedo: tirar el mal al otro lado de la frontera]' (2022), Ciencia & saude coletiva, 27(2), pp. 603-608
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Syafariani, F., Lola, M.S., Mutalib, S.S.S.A., Nasir, W.N.F.W., Hamid, A.A.K.A. & Zainuddin, N.H., 'Leveraging A Hybrid Machine Learning Model for Enhanced Cyberbullying Detection' (2025), APTISI Transactions on Technopreneurship, 7(2), pp. 371–386
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Syahputra, I., 'Expressions of Hatred and the Formation of Spiral of Anxiety on Social Media in Indonesia' (2019), SEARCH (Malaysia), 11(1), pp. 95-112
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Syahputri, A.B. & Sibaroni, Y., 'Comparative Analysis of CNN and LSTM Performance for Hate Speech Detection on Twitter' (2023), International Conference on ICT Convergence, 2023-August, pp. 190–195
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Syaifuddiin, G.N., Arifin, R., Desriyanti, Buntoro, G.A., Rosyidin, Z.U., Pratama, R.Y. & Selamat, A., 'Hoax Identification of Indonesian Tweeters Using Ensemble Classifier' (2023), Journal of Information Systems and Telecommunication, 11(2), pp. 94–101
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