Publications
L
Lentin, A., '(Not) doing race : ‘Casual racism’, ‘bystander antiracism’ and ‘ordinariness’ in Australian racism studies' (2017), in M. Boese & V. Marotta (Eds.), Critical reflections on migration, ‘race’ and multiculturalism: Australia in a global context (pp. 125-142)
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Leo, C.O., Santoso, B.J. & Pratomo, B.A., 'Enhancing Hate Speech Detection for Social Media Moderation: A Comparative Analysis of Machine Learning Algorithms' (2023), 2023 International Conference on Advanced Mechatronics, Intelligent Manufacture and Industrial Automation, ICAMIMIA 2023 - Proceedings, pp. 960–964
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Leonard, W., Mitchell, A., Pitts, M. & Patel, S., 'Coming forward – The underreporting of heterosexist violence and same sex partner abuse in Victoria' (2009), Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health & Society (ARCSHS).
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Leonardelli, E., Menini, S. & Tonelli, S., 'DH-FBK @ HaSpeeDe2: Italian hate speech detection via self-training and oversampling' (2020), CEUR Workshop Proceedings, 2765
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Leonenko, T.Y., Leonenko, M.I., Shyian, O.Y., Yurchyshyn, V.M. & Shkuta, O.O., '‘Pathological’ Religiosity Phenomenon as Manifestation of Individual’s Deviant Behavior: Religious Hatred or Discord Motive in Commission of Crimes in the Religious Denomination Sphere' (2019), Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics, 10(1), pp. 295-306
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Lepoutre, M., 'Hateful Counterspeech' (2022), Ethical Theory and Moral Practice [online]
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Lepoutre, M., 'Democratic Speech in Divided Times' (2021), Oxford: Oxford University Press
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Lepoutre, M., 'Hate Speech Laws: Expressive Power Is Not the Answer' (2020), Legal Theory [online]
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Lepoutre, M., 'Discursive optimism defended' (2023), Politics, Philosophy and Economics [online]
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Lepoutre, M., Vilar-Lluch, S., Borg, E. & Hansen, N., 'What is Hate Speech? The Case for a Corpus Approach' (2023), Criminal Law and Philosophy [online]
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Lera, E.C., 'The Correlation between Economic Decline and Radicalization towards the Far Right in the United States: The Case of Hate Groups in the Rust Belt | La correlación entre el detrimento económico y la radicalización hacia la extrema derecha en Estados Unidos: El caso de los grupos de odio en el Rust Belt' (2024), Norteamerica, 19(2)
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Lestari, Y., Elian, N., Diego, Anindya, A. & Helmi, R.F., 'The Relationship Between Social Media Usage and Responses to Hoax and Hate Speech in Padang' (2024), Studies in Media and Communication, 12(3), pp. 393–404
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Letouze, P. & Mendes, D.B., 'Positive Semiotics Construction: The Intersectionality of Fat Black Women, from Fatphobia, Through Fat Appraisal to Fat Praise' (2024), International Journal for the Semiotics of Law [online]
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Lettieri, J., Logie, K. & Paccione-Frometa, J., 'Noise Complaints and Land Rezoning as a Predictor of Hate Crimes in a New York City Borough' (2023), Journal of Interpersonal Violence [online]
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Leung, M., 'Points of departure: Re-examining the discursive formation of the Hate Crime Statistics Act of 1990' (2018), Patterns of Prejudice, 52(1), pp.39-57
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Leung, V. & Masuoka, N., 'Race in a Pandemic: Asian American Perceptions of Discrimination and Political Preferences in the 2020 Election' (2025), Public Opinion Quarterly, 89(1), pp. 49–73
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Leuprecht, C., Skillicorn, D.B. & Kernot, D., 'Linguistic models of abusive language' (2024), Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict: Pathways toward Terrorism and Genocide [online]
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Levi, E., Mariani, R.D. & Patriarca, F., 'Hate at First Sight? Dynamic Aspects of the Electoral Impact of Migration: The Case of Ukip' (2019), Journal of Population Economics [online]
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Levin, B., 'The original web of hate: Revolution Muslim and American homegrown extremists' (2015), American Behavioral Scientist, 59(12), pp.1609-1630
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Levin, B., 'The vindication of hate violence victims via criminal and civil adjudications' (2002), Journal of Hate Studies, 1(1), pp. 133-165
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Levin, B., 'Hate crimes: Worse by definition' (1999), Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 15(1), pp.6-21
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Levin, B., 'Reassessing laws on hate violence against the homeless' (2015), American Behavioral Scientist, 59(13), pp.1715-1728
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Levin, J., 'From thrill to defensive hate crimes: The impact of September 11, 2001' (2014), Journal of Hate Studies, 12(1), pp. 65-72
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Levin, B., 'Extremism and the constitution: How America’s legal evolution affects the response to extremism' (2001), American Behavioral Scientist, 45(4), pp.714-754
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Levin, B., 'From slavery to hate crime laws: The emergence of race and status based protection in American criminal law' (2002), Journal of Social Issues, 58(2), pp.227-245
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Levin, B. & Levine, K., 'Redistributing Justice' (2024), Columbia Law Review, 124(5), pp. 1531–1594
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Levin, B. & Reitzel, J.D., 'Report to the nation: Hate crimes rise in U.S. cities and counties in time of division and foreign interference' (2018), Center for the Study of Hate and Extremism; California State University, San Bernardino
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Levin, B., & Amster, S., 'Making hate history: Hate crime and policing in America’s most diverse city' (2007), American Behavioral Scientist, 51(2), pp.329-348
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Levin, B., Nolan, J.J. & Perry, B., 'Disrupting the mantra of multiculturalism: Hate crime in Canada' (2015), American Behavioral Scientist, 59(13), pp.1637-1654
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Levin, B., Nolan, J.J. & Perst, K., 'U.S. Hate Crime Trends: What Disaggregation of Three Decades of Data Reveals About a Changing Threat and an Invisible Record' (2022), Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 112(4),3, pp. 749-800
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Levin, J. & Idler, E.L., 'Islamophobia and the public health implications of religious hatred' (2018), AJPH, 108(6), pp.718–719
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Levin, J. & McDevitt, J., 'Hate crimes: The rising tide of bigotry and bloodshed' (2001), Westview Press Inc.
Levin, J. & McDevitt, J., 'Hate Crimes' (2022), in L.R. Kurtz (Ed.) Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace, & Conflict (Third Edition): Volume 2: Violence and Nonviolence (pp. 28-34), Cambridge, MA: Academic Press
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Levin, J. & McDevitt, J., 'Police response' (1993), Hate Crimes, pp.159-178
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Levin, J. & Rabrenovic, G., 'Hate crimes and ethnic conflict: An introduction' (2001), American Behavioral Scientist, 45(4), pp.575-587
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Levin, J. & Reichelmann, A., 'From thrill to defensive motivation: The role of group threat in the changing nature of hate-motivated assaults' (2015), American Behavioral Scientist, 59(12), pp.1546-1561
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Levin, J., & McDevitt, J. , 'Hate crimes revisited: America’s war on those who are different' (2002), Boulder; Oxford: Westview Press
Levin, J., Rabrenovic, G., Ferraro, V., Doran, T., & Methe, D., 'When a crime committed by a teenager becomes a hate crime: Results from two studies' (2007), American Behavioral Scientist, 51(2), pp.246-257
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Levy, A., Galinsky, A., Nguyen, C.Q., Saguy, T., Ikizer, E.G. & Dovidio, J.F., 'Ingroup love, outgroup hate, and the gateway group effect: Comparing the direct and indirect impact of dual versus single identification' (2023), PloS one, 18(8), e0287631
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Levy, B.L. & Levy, D.L., 'When love meets hate: The relationship between state policies on gay and lesbian rights and hate crime incidence' (2016), Social Science Research [online]
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Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk, B., 'Culture-Driven Emotional Profiles and Online Discourse Extremism' (2020), Pragmatics and Society, 11(2), pp. 262-291
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Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk, B., Baczkowska, A., Dontcheva-Navrátilová, O., Liebeskind, C., Valūnaitė Oleškevičienė G., Zitnik, S., Trojszczak, M., Povolná, R., Selmistraitis, L., Utka, A. & Gudelis, D., 'LLOD schema for Simplified Offensive Language Taxonomy in multilingual detection and applications' (2023), Lodz Papers in Pragmatics, 19(2), pp. 301–324
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Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk, B., Bączkowska, A., Liebeskind, C., Valunaite Oleskeviciene, G. & Žitnik, S., 'An integrated explicit and implicit offensive language taxonomy' (2023), Lodz Papers in Pragmatics, 19(1), pp. 7–48
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Lewis, C. S., 'Tough on hate?: The cultural politics of hate crimes' (2013), New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press
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Lewis, C.S., 'Tough-on-crime tolerance: The cultural criminalization of bigotry in the Post-Civil Rights Era' (2012), Critical Criminology, 20(3), pp.275-292
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Lewis, T.T., Kravitz, H.M., Janssen, I. & Powell, L.H., 'Self-reported experiences of discrimination and visceral fat in middle-aged African-American and caucasian women' (2011), American Journal of Epidemiology, 173(11), pp.1223-1231
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Lewulis, P., 'Detecting online offenders: A case study of social media hate speech investigations' (2024), in P. Waszkiewicz (Ed.) Social Media and Law Enforcement Practice in Poland: Insights into Practice outside Anglophone Countries (pp. 93–108), New York: Routledge
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Leyva, K. J., 'France’s Secularism: Navigating Security and Rights' (2024), Politics and Rights Review (13 June)
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Li, M., 'Exemplifying Power Matters: The Impact of Power Exemplification of Transgender People in the News on Issue Attribution, Dehumanization, and Aggression Tendencies' (2021), Journalism Practice [online]
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Li, C., Zhang, M. & Zheng, M., 'PRCD: A full-chain parallel residual compensation debiasing framework' (2025), Expert Systems with Applications, 291, 128544
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