Publications: Hate crime models
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Chester, P.J. & Wong, A., 'Wedge Narratives and Diaspora Communities' (2025), Security Studies [online]
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Chin, J., 'Antimatters: The curious case of Confederate monuments' (2023), Boston University Law Review, 103(1), pp. 311–383
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Choi, S., Burd, K.A. & Choi, A., 'Looking Hateworthy: An Investigation of the Relationship Between Chinese Phenotypicality and COVID-19-Related Prejudice and Discrimination' (2023), Race and Justice, 13(1), pp. 105-129
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Chon, M.-G., 'The role of social media in empowering activism: testing the integrative model of activism to anti-Asian hate crimes' (2023), Asian Journal of Communication [online]
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Chon, M.-G. & Harrell, J.R., 'Building bridges for anti-racism activism: Testing situational theory of problem solving and problem chain recognition effect' (2024), Public Relations Review, 50(1), 102425
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Chun, W.H.K., Hong, G.K. & Nakamura, L., '“Understanding” Asians: Anti-Asian Racism, Sentimentality, Sentiment Analysis, and Digital Surveillance' (2024), Critical Inquiry, 50(3), pp. 425–451
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Chung, M., Lee, S. & Keum, H., 'Seeing is Behaving? The Role of Social Norms in the Relationship Between Witnessing and Perpetrating Online Hate' (2023), Communication Reports [online]
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Cikara, M., Fouka, V. & Tabellini, M., 'Hate crime towards minoritized groups increases as they increase in sized-based rank' (2022), Nature Human Behaviour [online]
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Civila, S., Romero-Rodríguez, L.M. & Aguaded, I., 'Symbolic-discursive violence and new media: An epistemological perspective' (2021), Catalan Journal of Communication and Cultural Studies, 13(1), pp. 43-61
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Clarke, A., 'Beyond the Binary: The Issue of Intra-Minority Hostility and the Need to Challenge Conventional Victim/Perpetrator Frameworks Within Hate Studies' (2024), Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 39(17-18), pp. 3904–3931
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Clayton, J., Donovan, C. & Macdonald, S.J., 'Living with hate relationships: Familiar encounters, enduring racisms and geographies of entrapment' (2021), Environment and Planning D: Society and Space [online]
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Clayton, J., Donovan, C. & Macdonald, S.J., 'Domestic colonisation: The centrality of the home in experiences of home-takeovers and hate relationships' (2023), Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers [online]
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Clayton, J., Donovan, C. & Macdonald, S.J., 'Hate beyond the incident: Exploring the presence/absence dynamics of ‘hate relationships’ through geotrauma and haunting' (2025), Geoforum, 162, 104274
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Cochliou, D., Poulakidakos, S., Rigou, M. & Papathanassopoulos, S., 'Hate-Speech in Greece and Cyprus: How Public Communication Practitioners Discuss the Phenomenon' (2024), Journalism Practice [online]
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Cohen-Almagor, R., 'Just, Reasonable Multiculturalism' (2021), New York & Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
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Cohen-Almagor, R., 'Bullying, Cyberbullying, and Hate Speech' (2022), International Journal of Technoethics, 13(1)
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Cohen-Almagor, R., 'Speech, Dignity and Offense: A Critical Examination' (2024), Politics and Rights Review (7 March)
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Collins, J., 'Mobilising Extremism in Times of Change: Analysing the UK’s Far-Right Online Content During the Pandemic' (2023), European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research [online]
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Collins, J., 'More Than Meets the Reply: Examining Emotional Belonging in Far-Right Social Media Space' (2024), Social Media and Society, 10(3)
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Constantinou, M. & Baider, F.H., 'Covert Hate Speech: A Contrastive Study of Greek and Greek Cypriot Online Discussions with an Emphasis on Irony' (2020), Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict, 8(2), pp. 262-287
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Cornish, R. & Tranter, K., 'Dismissals for Social Media Hate Speech in South Africa: Animalistic Dehumanisation and the Circulation of Racist Words and Images' (2022), International Journal for the Semiotics of Law [online]
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Costa, S., da Silva, B.M., & Tavares, M., 'Tackling Online Hate Speech?: Play Your Role!' (2022), Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social-Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, LNICST, 422 LNICST, pp. 79-93
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Costa, S., Tavares, M., Bidarra, J. & Mendes da Silva, B., 'The Enredo Game-Installation: A Proposal to Counter Hate Speech Online' (2023), in N. Martins & D. Brandão (Eds.) Springer Series in Design and Innovation (Vol. 27) (pp. 307-320), Cham: Springer
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Costello, W. & Thomas, A.G., 'Seeing through the black-pill: Incels are wrong about what people think of them' (2025), Personality and Individual Differences, 237, 113041
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Cousens, C., 'Solving the Authority Problem: Why We Won’t Debate You, Bro' (2023), Topoi [online]
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Cousens, C., 'Fat-calling: ascriptions of fatness that subordinate' (2025), Philosophical Studies, 182(2), pp. 655–677, 101252
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Cover, R., 'Digital hostility, subjectivity and ethics: Theorising the disruption of identity in instances of mass online abuse and hate speech' (2022), Convergence [online]
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Cover, R., 'Identity and Digital Communication: Concepts, Theories, Practices' (2023), London: Routledge
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Cowan, G., Heiple, B., Marquez, C., Khatchadourian, D. & McNevin, M., 'Heterosexuals’ attitudes toward hate crimes and hate speech against gays and lesbians: Old-fashioned and modern heterosexism' (2005), Journal of Homosexuality, 49(2), pp.67-82
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Cowburn, M., Duggan, M. & Pollock, E., 'Working with different values: Extremism, hate and sex crimes' (2013), in Cowburn, M., Duggan, M., Robinson, A. & Senior, P. (2013) Values in Criminology and Community Justice. University of Bristol: Policy Press.
Cowls, J. & Ma, C., 'The Internet’s Town Square? A Critical Discourse Analysis of Parler’s “Past Imaginary”' (2023), Social Media and Society, 9(2)
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Cramer, R.J., Cacace, S.C., Sorby, M., Adrian, M.E., Kehn, A. & Wilsey, C.N., 'A Psychometric Investigation of the Hate-Motivated Behavior Checklist' (2022), Journal of Interpersonal Violence [online]
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Cramer, R.J., Kaniuka, A.R., Tucker, R.P., Hanson, B., Fording, R.C., Robertson, L., Mesaeh, C., Zabelski, S. & Joiner, T., 'Social-Ecological Correlates of Social Well-Being in Transgender and Gender Diverse Adults in the USA: Implications for Policy, Theory, and Research' (2024), Sexuality Research and Social Policy [online]
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Cuevas-Calderón, E., Dongo, E.Y. & Kanashiro, L., 'Spreadability and hate speech of radical conservatism: The Peruvian case on TikTok' (2023), Punctum International Journal of Semiotics, 9(2), pp. 27–53
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Czymara, C.S. & Gorodzeisky, A., 'Hostility on Twitter in the aftermath of terror attacks' (2024), Journal of Computational Social Science [online]
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D
Dadico, C.M., 'Epidemics, pandemics, and hatred: Paths to the governmentality of the covid-19 pandemic | [Epidemias, pandemias e o ódio: Caminhos para a governamentalidade da pandemia da covid-19]' (2020), Publicum, 6(1), pp. 70-93
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Dai, Y., Gao, J. & Radford, B.J., 'From fear to hate: Sources of anti-Asian sentiment during COVID-19' (2024), Social Science Quarterly [online]
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Dancygier, R., 'Hate crime supporters are found across age, gender, and income groups and are susceptible to violent political appeals' (2023), Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 120(7), e2212757120
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Daruwala, N.A., 'Social media, expression, and online engagement: a psychological analysis of digital communication and the chilling effect in the UK' (2025), Frontiers in Communication, 10, 1565289
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Davani, A.M., Atari, M., Kennedy, B. & Dehghani, M., 'Hate Speech Classifiers Learn Normative Social Stereotypes' (2023), Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 11, pp. 300-319
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Davis, M., 'After Christchurch: Alt-right Discourse and Ideology in Australia and the Platformisation of Extremism' (2022), Journal of Intercultural Studies [online]
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Dawson, M., 'Considering Sex/Gender-Based Violence as a Form of Hate: The Invisibility of Sex and Gender' (2025), Trauma, Violence, and Abuse [online]
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de Felice, G. & Tutal, N., 'Violence and Capacity to Hate' (2023), Healthcare (Switzerland), 11(4), 573
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de Frutos, S.V., 'A Sinophobia Analysis of Hate and Offensive Speeches against the Chinese Collective on Twitter: From Implicit to Explicit Cultural Rejection | Discurso odioso e ofensivo na rede social Twitter à comunidade chinesa Análise da sinofobia: da rejeição cultural encoberta à explícita' (2024), Anuario Electronico de Estudios en Comunicacion Social Disertaciones, 17(1)
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De Gregorio, G. & Stremlau, N., 'Inequalities and content moderation' (2023), Global Policy [online]
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De la Fuente, O.P., 'Free speech and performativity. Analysis on some judicial case on hate speech and/or symbolic speech. | [Libertad de expresión y performatividad. Análisis de algunos casos judiciales sobre lenguaje del odio y/o simbólico]' (2021), Cuadernos Electronicos de Filosofia del Derecho, (45), pp. 127-156
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De Leo, A. & Russo, E., 'Define and Tackle Hate Speech: The Experience of Social Workers in Italy' (2023), Informing Science, 26, pp. 115–134
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de Maiti, K.P., Franza, J. & Fišer, D., 'Haters in the spotlight Gender and socially unacceptable Facebook comments' (2023), Internet Pragmatics, 6(2), pp. 173–196
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de Morais, C.B., '“Digital Democracy”: A Threat to the Democratic System or Oxygenation of Representative Democracy and Free Speech?' (2022), Law, Governance and Technology Series, 49, pp. 9-63
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de Roos, M.S., Veldhuizen-Ochodničanová, L. & Hanna, A., 'The Angry Echo Chamber: A Study of Extremist and Emotional Language Changes in Incel Communities Over Time' (2024), Journal of Interpersonal Violence [online]
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