Publications: Hate speech
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Rodríguez-García, M.Á., Riaño-Martínez, A. & Herranz, S.M., 'URJC-Team at HOPE2023@IberLEF: Multilingual Hope Speech Detection Using Transformers Architecture' (2023), Proceedings of the Iberian Languages Evaluation Forum (IberLEF 2023) co-located with the Conference of the Spanish Society for Natural Language Processing (SEPLN 2023)
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Rodríguez-Peral, E.M., Franco, T.G. & Bustos, D.R.P., 'Propagation of Hate Speech on Social Network X: Trends and Approaches' (2025), Social Inclusion, 13, 9317
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Rodríguez-Sánchez, F., Carrillo-de-Albornoz, J. & Plaza, L., 'Leveraging Unsupervised Task Adaptation and Semi-Supervised Learning With Semantic-Enriched Representations for Online Sexism Detection' (2024), Expert Systems [online]
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Rohith, Y.V.S. & Amanullah, M., 'Improving the Accuracy by Comparing the Gaussian Naive Bayes Algorithm and Logistic Regression for Predicting Hate Speech Recognition' (2024), 2024 15th International Conference on Computing Communication and Networking Technologies, ICCCNT 2024
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Roig, F.J.A., 'An Analytic and Liberal Defense of Freedom of Expression | [Una defensa analítica y liberal de la libertad de expresión]' (2022), Diritto and Questioni Pubbliche, 22(1), pp. 245-252
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Rojszczak, M., 'Online content filtering in EU law – A coherent framework or jigsaw puzzle?' (2022), Computer Law and Security Review, 47, 105739
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Rojszczak, M., 'Data retention in the light of copyright infringements: Protecting the status quo or seeking a third way? (Case C-470/21 La Quadrature du Net II)' (2024), Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law [online]
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Rollnert Liern, G., 'Hate speech: A critical view of the international regulation' (2019), Revista Espanola de Derecho Constitucional, 115, pp. 81-109
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Román-San-Miguel, A., Olivares-García, F.J. & Jiménez-Zafra, S.M., 'Hate speech on Twitter during the Ceuta migration crisis in May 2021 | [El discurso de odio en Twitter durante la crisis migratoria de Ceuta en mayo de 2021]' (2022), Icono14, 20(2)
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Römer-Pieretti, M., Esteban-Ramiro, B. & Silva, A.C., 'Violence, Hate Speech, and Gender Bias: Challenges to an Inclusive Digital Environment' (2025), Social Inclusion, 13, 9941
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Romer-Pieretti, M., Said-Hung, E. & Montero-Diaz, J., 'Semiotic Analysis of Hate Discourse in Spanish Digital News Media: Biden’s Inauguration Case Study' (2025), Social Inclusion, 13, 9295
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Romero, N., 'Punx Up, Bros Down: Defending Free Speech Through Punk Rock Pedagogy' (2020), Educational Philosophy and Theory [online]
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Romero-Vega, R.R., Cumbicus-Pineda, O.M., López-Lapo, R.A. & Neyra-Romero, L.A., 'Detecting Xenophobic Hate Speech in Spanish Tweets Against Venezuelan Immigrants in Ecuador Using Natural Language Processing' (2021), Communications in Computer and Information Science, 1388 CCIS, pp. 312-326
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Romero‐Rodríguez, L.M., Castillo‐Abdul, B. & Cuesta‐Valiño, P., 'The Process of the Transfer of Hate Speech to Demonization and Social Polarization' (2023), Politics and Governance, 11(2), pp. 109-113
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Romim, N., Ahmed, M., Islam, Md.S., Sharma, A.S., Talukder, H. & Amin, M.R., 'BD-SHS: A Benchmark Dataset for Learning to Detect Online Bangla Hate Speech in Different Social Contexts' (2022), 2022 Language Resources and Evaluation Conference, LREC 2022, pp. 5153-5162
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Romža, S., Ferenčíková, S. & Klimek, L., 'Dual Sanctioning of Hate Crimes and Hate Speech as Part of Extremism in the Slovak Republic' (2024), Access to Justice in Eastern Europe, 7(2), pp. 93–111
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Ron, G., Levi, E., Oshri, O. & Shenhav, S.R., 'Factoring Hate Speech: A New Annotation Framework to Study Hate Speech in Social Media' (2023), Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pp. 215–220
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Rosa, C.C.S., Martinez, F.V. & Ishii, R., 'Natural Language Processing Techniques for Hate Speech Evaluation for Brazilian Portuguese' (2023), Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), 14107 LNCS, pp. 104–117
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Rosauro, C.F. & Cuadros, M., 'Hate Speech Detection Against the Mexican Spanish LGBTQ+ Community Using BERT-based Transformers' (2023), Proceedings of the Iberian Languages Evaluation Forum (IberLEF 2023) co-located with the Conference of the Spanish Society for Natural Language Processing (SEPLN 2023)
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Rosga, A.J., 'Deadly words: State power and the entanglement of speech and violence in hate crime' (2001), Law and Critique, 12(3), pp.223-252
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Rosni, T.R., Hasan, M., Mittra, T., Ali, M.S. & Ferdaus, M.H., 'Aggressive Bangla Text Detection Using Machine Learning and Deep Learning Algorithms' (2025), Communications in Computer and Information Science, 2184 CCIS, pp. 174–183
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Röttger, P., Nozza, D., Bianchi, F. & Hovy, D., 'Data-Efficient Strategies for Expanding Hate Speech Detection into Under-Resourced Languages' (2022), Proceedings of the 2022 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, EMNLP 2022, pp. 5674-5691
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Roussos, G. & Dovidio, J.F., 'Hate speech is in the eye of the beholder: The influence of racial attitudes and freedom of speech beliefs on perceptions of racially motivated threats of violence' (2018), Social Psychological and Personality Science [online]
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Rowbottom, J., 'A thumb on the scale: measures short of a prohibition to combat hate speech' (2022), Journal of Media Law [online]
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Rowe, M., Lewis, R. & Wiper, C., 'Misogyny online: Extending the boundaries of hate crime' (2018), Journal of Gender-Based Violence [online]
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Roy, P.K., 'MMFFHS: Multi-Modal Feature Fusion for Hate Speech Detection on Social Media' (2024), IEEE Transactions on Big Data [online]
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Roy, P.K. & Kumar, A., 'Ensuring safety in digital spaces: Detecting code-mixed hate speech in social media posts' (2025), Data and Knowledge Engineering, 156, 102409
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Roy, P.K., Bhawal, S. & Subalalitha, C.N., 'Hate speech and offensive language detection in Dravidian languages using deep ensemble framework' (2022), Computer Speech and Language, 75, 101386
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Roy, P.K., Tripathy, A.K., Das, T.K. & Gao, X.-Z., 'A framework for hate speech detection using deep convolutional neural network' (2020), IEEE Access, 8, 204951, pp. 204951-204962
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Roy, S.S., Roy, A., Samui, P., Gandomi, M. & Gandomi, A.H., 'Hateful Sentiment Detection in Real-Time Tweets: An LSTM-Based Comparative Approach' (2023), IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems [online]
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Roy, T., Islam, Md.R., Miazee, A.A., Antara, A., Al Amin & Hossain, S., 'English Offensive Text Detection using CNN based Bi-GRU model' (2024), 2nd International Conference on Information and Communication Technology, ICICT 2024, pp. 1–5
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Roychowdhury, S. & Gupta, V., 'Data-Efficient Methods For Improving Hate Speech Detection' (2023), EACL 2023 - 17th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Findings of EACL 2023, pp. 125-132
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Royo, E.S., 'Freedom of expression, hate and social networks: the options of the Spanish democratic legislator | LIBERTAD DE EXPRESIÓN, ODIO Y REDES SOCIALES: LAS OPCIONES DEL LEGISLADOR DEMOCRÁTICO ESPAÑOL' (2024), Revista Espanola de Derecho Constitucional, 2024(132), pp. 71–103
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Rozgonyi, K., 'Negotiating new audiovisual rules for video sharing platforms: Proposals for a responsive governance model of speech online | [Negociació d’un nou marc normatiu per a les plataformes audiovisuals d’ús compartit: Propostes per a un model de governança responsable de la llibertat d’expressió en línia]' (2020), Revista Catalana de Dret Public, 2020(61), pp. 83-98
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Rudnicki, K., Vandebosch, H., Voué, P. & Poels, K., 'Systematic review of determinants and consequences of bystander interventions in online hate and cyberbullying among adults' (2022), Behaviour and Information Technology [online]
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Ruiter, D., Reiners, L., D'Sa, A.G., Kleinbauer, T., Fohr, D., Illina, I., Klakow, D., Schemer, C. & Monnier, A., 'Placing M-Phasis on the Plurality of Hate: A Feature-Based Corpus of Hate Online' (2022), 2022 Language Resources and Evaluation Conference, LREC 2022, pp. 791-804
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Rukuni, T., 'Creating Dialogue Platforms: Transforming Post-Conflict Relationships Among the Youth Through Peace Gardening' (2022), in E. Spiegel, G. Mutalemwa, C. Liu & L.R. Kurtz (eds) Advances in African Economic, Social and Political Development (pp. 433-449), Cham: Springer
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Rumenjak, N., 'Freedom of Expression in Multicultural Societies: Political Cartooning in Europe in the Modern and Postmodern Eras' (2019), Empedocles, 10(2), pp. 167-189
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Rumney, P., 'The British experience of racist hate speech regulation: A lesson for First Amendment absolutists?' (2003), Common Law World Review, 32(2), pp.117-160
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Rushton, A. & Scarlett, J., 'The blame game: disaster, queerness and prejudice' (2023), Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal [online]
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Russo, K.E. & Grasso, A., 'Coping with dis/ableism in Twitter discourse: A corpus-based critical appraisal analysis of the Hidden Disabilities Sunflower Lanyard case' (2022), International Journal of Language Studies, 16(4), pp. 65-94
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Russo, V., Andrighetto, G., Maretti, M., Polizzi, E. & Cecconi, F., 'Homophily and Insularity Dynamics in an Echo Chambers: Computational Models for the Study of the Conspiracy Subculture in Facebook' (2024), Social Indicators Research [online]
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Rustan, A.S., 'Communication in Indonesian Social Media: Avoiding Hate Speeches, Intolerance and Hoax' (2020), Journal of Social Studies Education Research, 11(2), pp. 174-185
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Ruttloff, D., Haak, J., Groos, L., Moch, M., Mittler, N., Tophoven-Sedrakyan, T. & Borucki, I., 'Disinformation, hate speech, and fake news. How much negativity did the parties spread on social media during the 2021 election campaign?' (2024), in E. Guevara & A. Theviot (Eds.) Elections and Social Networks around the World (pp. 352–369), London: Routledge
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Rye, E., Blackburn, J. & Beverly, R., 'Reading In-Between the Lines: An Analysis of Dissenter' (2020), Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM Internet Measurement Conference, IMC, pp. 133-146
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Ryu, H.-S. & Lee, J.K., 'Detection of political hate speech in Korean language' (2024), Language Resources and Evaluation [online]
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Ryzhova, A., Devyatkin, D., Volkov, S. & Budzko, V., 'Training Multilingual and Adversarial Attack-Robust Models for Hate Detection on Social Media' (2022), Procedia Computer Science, 213(C), pp. 196-202
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Sabater, M.M., García-Ruiz, C.R. & González-Monfort, N., 'Against Hate: Hate speeches on digital contexts and alternative counter narratives on Secondary Education students | [Contrariar el odio: Los relatos del odio en los medios digitales y la construcción de discursos alternativos en alumnado de Educación Secundaria]' (2021), Bellaterra Journal of Teaching and Learning Language and Literature, 14(2), e909
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Sabri, R.F. & Abdullah, N.A.Z., 'Extremism Detection in the Iraqi Dialect Based on Machine Learning' (2025), Iraqi Journal of Science, 66(2), pp. 876–889
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Sabry, S.S., Adewumi, T., Abid, N., Kovacs, G., Liwicki, F. & Liwicki, M., 'HaT5: Hate Language Identification using Text-to-Text Transfer Transformer' (2022), Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, 2022-July
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