Publications: Hate speech
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Skrzypek, M., 'Between neo-militant and quasi-militant democracy: restrictions on freedoms of speech and the press in Austria, Finland, and Sweden 2008–2019' (2022), European Politics and Society [online]
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Slagle, M., 'An ethical exploration of free expression and the problem of hate speech' (2009), Journal of Mass Media Ethics, 24(4), pp.238-250
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Smallwood, T.L., 'Public theology and violent rhetoric examined in a queer womanist critical ethnography' (2025), London: Bloomsbury
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Smith, C.R., 'Circumventing The “True Threat” And “Viewpoint” Protection Tests to Deal with Persistent Campus Hate Speech' (2020), First Amendment Studies [online]
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Smith, G., Licata, G. & Rustagi, I., 'Empowering Product Teams to Advance Inclusive Language and Mitigate Hateful Speech on Social Media Products' (2024), Business and Professional Communication Quarterly [online]
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Smith, J., '“It feels like a mini victory”: alternative routes to justice in experiences of online misogyny' (2023), in N. Booth, I. Masson & L. Baldwin (Eds.) Experiences of Punishment, Abuse and Justice by Women and Families: Volume 2 (pp. 110-131), Bristol, UK: Policy Press
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Smith, R. & Perry, M., 'Fake News and the Pandemic in Southeast Asia' (2022), Australian Journal of Asian Law, 22(2), pp. 131-154
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Smith, R.B. & Smith, N.N., 'A tale of two pandemics: Fake news and COVID-19' (2022), Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences, 43(3), pp. 677-682
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Smuc, E., Delac, G., Silic, M. & Vladimir, K., 'A Transfer Learning Method for Hate Speech Detection' (2023), 2023 46th ICT and Electronics Convention, MIPRO 2023 - Proceedings, pp. 953–958
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Sobhani, N. & Delany, S.J., 'Towards Fairer NLP Models: Handling Gender Bias In Classification Tasks' (2024), GeBNLP 2024 - 5th Workshop on Gender Bias in Natural Language Processing, Proceedings of the Workshop, pp. 167–178
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Sohn, H. & Lee, H., 'MCERT4HATE: Hate Speech Detection Using Multi-Channel Bert for Different Languages and Translations' (2019), IEEE International Conference on Data Mining Workshops, ICDMW, 2019-November, 8955559, pp. 551-559
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Sokolová, Z., Harahus, M., Juhár, J., Pleva, M., Staš, J. & Hládek, D., 'Comparison of Machine Learning Approaches for Sentiment Analysis in Slovak' (2024), Electronics (Switzerland), 13(4), 703
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Sokolova, Z., Stas, J. & Hladek, D., 'An Introduction to Detection of Hate Speech and Offensive Language in Slovak' (2022), 2022 12th International Conference on Advanced Computer Information Technologies, ACIT 2022, pp. 497-501
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Solitana, N.T. & Cheng, C.K., 'Analyses of Hate and Non-Hate Expressions during Election using NLP' (2021), 2021 International Conference on Asian Language Processing, IALP 2021, pp. 385-390
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Solomon, B.C., Hall, M.E.K., Hemmen, A. & Druckman, J.N., 'Illusory interparty disagreement: Partisans agree on what hate speech to censor but do not know it' (2024), Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 121(39), e240242812
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Solomon, W., Paul, O. & Makara, S., 'Social media regulation in Uganda: the dilemma of laxity and conformity to international norms' (2024), Journal of Contemporary African Studies [online]
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Som, P., Mishra, R., Das, S., Singh, R.K., Rakesh, D.K., Behera, B. & Kumar, R.R., 'Evaluating Machine Learning Models for Hate Speech Detection in ODIA Language' (2024), 2024 1st International Conference on Cognitive, Green and Ubiquitous Computing, IC-CGU 2024
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Somashekar, I., 'Do Koreans hate Indians? Fact checking viral online videos calling out Korean racism' (2024), Media Asia [online]
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Sonare, B., Dewan, J., Jadhav, A., Bamboriya, A., Gaikwad, M. & Kokare, G., 'RAEEUCCI2023-Comparative study of Hate Speech detection using different Machine Learning Classifiers' (2023), 2023 International Conference on Recent Advances in Electrical, Electronics, Ubiquitous Communication, and Computational Intelligence, RAEEUCCI 2023
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Soneji, A., Hamilton, V., Doupé, A., McDonald, A. & Redmiles, E.M., '“I feel physically safe but not politically safe”: Understanding the Digital Threats and Safety Practices of OnlyFans Creators' (2024), Proceedings of the 33rd USENIX Security Symposium, pp. 1–18
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Song, M., 'Detecting Misogynia in Italian Tweets: A Linguistic and Contextual based Method' (2022), Proceedings - 2022 International Conference on Computers, Information Processing and Advanced Education, CIPAE 2022, pp. 67-72
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Sood, O. & Dandapat, S., 'Problematic Webpage Identification: A Trilogy of Hatespeech, Search Engines and GPT' (2023), Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pp. 126–137
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Sookarah, D. & Ramwodin, L.S., 'Combatting online harassment by using transformer language models for the detection of emotions, hate speech and offensive language on social media' (2022), ELECOM 2022 - Proceedings of the 2022 4th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Trends in Electrical, Electronic and Communications Engineering
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Soral, W., Liu, J.H. & Bilewicz, M., 'Media of Contempt: Social Media Consumption Predicts Normative Acceptance of Anti-Muslim Hate Speech and Islamoprejudice' (2020), International Journal of Conflict and Violence, 14, pp. 1-13
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Soral, W., Malinowska, K. & Bilewicz, M., 'The Role of Empathy in Reducing Hate Speech Proliferation. Two Contact-Based Interventions in Online and Off-line Settings' (2022), Peace and Conflict [online]
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Soral, W., Świderska, A., Puchała, D. & Bilewicz, M., 'Desensitization to hate speech: Examination using heart rate measurement' (2023), Aggressive Behavior [online]
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Sorato, D., 'Using Word Embeddings for Immigrant and Refugee Stereotype Quantification in a Diachronic and Multilingual Setting' (2022), CEUR Workshop Proceedings, 3270, pp. 58-66
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Sorato, D., Goularte, F.B. & Fileto, R., 'Short Semantic Patterns: A Linguistic Pattern Mining Approach for Content Analysis Applied to Hate Speech' (2020), International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools, 29(2), 2040002
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Šori, I. & Vehovar, V., 'Reported User-Generated Online Hate Speech: The ‘Ecosystem’, Frames, and Ideologies' (2022), Social Sciences, 11(8), 375
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Soria, M.G.C. & Castiglioni, M.C., 'Media and information literacy and hate speech: a necessary relationship | Letramento midiático e informacional e discurso de ódio: uma relação necessária' (2024), Revista Ibero-Americana de Ciencia da Informacao, 17(1), pp. 175–190
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Sorrentino, D., 'Words are stones: hate compounds in German: Some examples from Twitter posts by members of the Alternative für Deutschland (AfD) | orte sind Steine: i composti dell’odio in tedesco. Alcuni esempi dai post su Twitter di esponenti del partito Alternative für Deutschland (AfD)' (2024), Analisi Linguistica e Letteraria, 32(2), pp. 55–74
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Sosinski, M. & Sánchez García, F.J., '“Invasion effect” Populism and ideology in the Spanish political discourse on refugees. The Vox case | [“Efecto invasión” Populismo e ideología en el discurso político español sobre los refugiados. El caso de Vox]' (2022), Discurso y Sociedad, 16(1), pp. 149-172
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Soto, C.A.A. & Sánchez, K.D.V., 'Internet Violence Against Chilean Feminists and Other Activists | [Violencia En Internet Contra Feministas Y Otras Activistas Chilenas]' (2019), Revista Estudos Feministas, 27(3), e58797
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Soto, C.P., Nunes, G.M.S., Gomes, J.G.R.C. & Nedjah, N., 'Application-specific word embeddings for hate and offensive language detection' (2022), Multimedia Tools and Applications [online]
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Sottiaux, S., 'Conflicting Conceptions of Hate Speech in the ECtHR’s Case Law' (2022), German Law Journal, 23(9), pp. 1193-1211
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Spada, I., Lai, M. & Patti, V., 'Inters8: A Corpus to Study Misogyny and Intersectionality on Twitter' (2023), Proceedings of the 9th Italian Conference on Computational Linguistics (CLiC-it 2023)
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Spaid, S., 'On deterring hate speech, while maximizing security and privacy' (2024), in S. Caballé, J. Casas-Roma & J. Conesa (Eds.) Ethics in Online Ai-Based Systems: Risks and Opportunities in Current Technological Trends (pp. 365–381), Cambridge, MA: Academic Press
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Spinde, T., Richter, E., Wessel, M., Kulshrestha, J. & Donnay, K., 'What do Twitter comments tell about news article bias? Assessing the impact of news article bias on its perception on Twitter' (2023), Online Social Networks and Media, 37-38, 100264
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Sponholz, L., 'Hate Speech in den Massenmedien: Theoretische Grundlagen und empirische Umsetzung' (2018), Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften
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Sponholz, L., 'Hate Speech in Sozialen Medien: Motor der Eskalation?' (2019), in H. Friese, M. Nolden & M. Schreiter (Eds.), Rassismus im Alltag (pp. 157-178). Bielefeld: transcript Verlag (in German only)
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Sponholz, L., 'Der Begriff „Hate Speech“ in der Deutschsprachigen Forschung. Eine Empirische Begriffsanalyse [The Concept “Hate Speech” in German-speaking Research. An Empirical Conceptual Analysis]' (2020), SWS-Rundschau 1, pp. 45-63 [in German only]
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Sponholz, L., & Christofoletti, R., 'From preachers to comedians: Ideal types of hate speakers in Brazil' (2019), Global Media and Communication, 15(1), pp. 67–84
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Šramel, B. & Horváth, P., 'Internet as the communication medium of the 21st century: Do we need a special legal regulation of freedom of expression on the internet?' (2021), Lawyer Quarterly, 11(1), pp. 141-157
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Sreelakshmi, K., Premjith, B. & Soman, K.P., 'Detection of Hate Speech Text in Hindi-English Code-mixed Data' (2020), Procedia Computer Science, 171, pp. 737-744
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Sreelakshmi, K., Premjith, B., Chakravarthi, B.R. & Soman, K.P., 'Detection of Hate Speech and Offensive Language CodeMix Text in Dravidian Languages using Cost-Sensitive Learning Approach' (2024), IEEE Access [online]
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Sreelakshmi, K., Premjith, B., Gopalakrishnan, E.A. & Soman, K.P., 'Study of Markov Chains for the Identification of the Hate Contents in Hinglish' (2022), Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 446, pp. 215-224
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Srikissoon, T. & Marivate, V., 'Combating Hate: How Multilingual Transformers Can Help Detect Topical Hate Speech' (2023), EPiC Series in Computing, 93, pp. 203-215
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Srinivas, P.Y.K.L, Das, A. & Pulabaigari, V., 'Racists spreader is narcissistic; sexists is Machiavellian Influence of Psycho-Sociological Facets in hate-speech diffusion prediction' (2024), Expert Systems with Applications, 247, 123211
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Sriram, S., Chandran, P.P. & Shrijith, M.R., 'PoSh at SemEval-2023 Task 10: Explainable Detection of Online Sexism' (2023), 17th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation, SemEval 2023 - Proceedings of the Workshop, pp. 1276–1281
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Stahel, L. & Baier, D., 'Digital Hate Speech Experiences Across Age Groups and Their Impact on Well-Being: A Nationally Representative Survey in Switzerland' (2023), Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 26(7), pp. 519–526
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