Publications: Hate speech

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Shukla, A. & Arora, D., 'Deep Learning Model for Identification and Classification of Web based Toxic Comments' (2023), 2023 International Conference in Advances in Power, Signal, and Information Technology, APSIT 2023, pp. 274–279
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Shukla, S., Nagpal, S. & Sabharwal, S., 'Hate Speech Detection in Hindi language using BERT and Convolution Neural Network' (2022), 3rd IEEE 2022 International Conference on Computing, Communication, and Intelligent Systems, ICCCIS 2022, pp. 642-647
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Shukla, Y., Panchal, R.V., Nigade, T., Khodade, S. & Pimpalkar, P., 'A Multilingual BERT-Based Framework for Robust Online Hate Speech Detection' (2024), 2024 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision and Machine Intelligence, CVMI 2024
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Shushkevich, E., Cardiff, J., Rosso, P. & Akhtyamova, L., 'Offensive Language Recognition in Social Media' (2020), Computacion y Sistemas, 24(2), pp. 523-532
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Shwetha, S., Sivakumar, S., Priyadharshini, T., Thenmozhi, D., Bharathi, B. & Krithika, S., 'Tercet@LT-EDI: Homophobia/Transphobia Detection in social media comment' (2023), LTEDI 2023 - 3rd Workshop on Language Technology for Equality, Diversity and Inclusion, associated with the 14th International Conference on Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, RANLP 2023 - Proceedings, pp. 266–271
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Siapera, E., 'AI Content Moderation, Racism and (de)Coloniality' (2021), International Journal of Bullying Prevention [online]
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Siapera, E. & Papadopoulou, L., 'The affective and political economy of hate journalism: Toxic masculinity, misogynism and homophobia in Greek extreme right-wing media | Η ΣΥΝΑΙΣΘΗΜΑΤΙΚΗ ΚΑΙ ΠΟΛΙΤΙΚΗ ΟΙΚΟΝΟΜΙΑ ΤΗΣ ΔΗΜΟΣΙΟΓΡΑΦΙΑΣ ΤΟΥ ΜΙΣΟΥΣ: ΤΟΞΙΚΗ ΑΡΡΕΝΩΠΟΤΗΤΑ, ΜΙΣΟΓΥΝΙΣΜΟΣ ΚΑΙ ΟΜΟΦΟΒΙΑ ΣΤΑ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΑ ΑΚΡΟΔΕΞΙΑ ΜΜΕ' (2023), Greek Review of Social Research, 161, pp. 73–93
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Siapera, E. & Viejo-Otero, P., 'Governing Hate: Facebook and Digital Racism' (2021), Television and New Media, 22(2), pp. 112-130
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Sibrian, N., Alfaro, A. & Núñez, J.C., 'Validation of an instrument on exposure of migrant communities to hate speech in the Chilean media ecosystem: preliminary results | Validación de instrumento sobre exposición de comunidades migrantes a discursos de odio en el ecosistema mediático chileno: resultados preliminares' (2024), Revista Latina de Comunicacion Social, 2024(82)
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Siddique Ibrahim, S.P., Suda, S., Baig, W., Sandeep, P., Konda, N.B.P. & Makineni, K., 'Zero-Shot Multi-Modal Learning for Cross-Lingual Visual Hate Speech Detection' (2024), 5th International Conference on Sustainable Communication Networks and Application, ICSCNA 2024 - Proceedings, pp. 1657–1663
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Siddiqui, J.A., Yuhaniz, S.S., Shaikh, G.M., Soomro, S.A. & Mahar, Z.A., 'Fine-Grained Multilingual Hate Speech Detection Using Explainable AI and Transformers' (2024), IEEE Access, 12, pp. 143177–143192
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Siegel, A.A. & Badaan, V., '#No2Sectarianism: Experimental Approaches to Reducing Sectarian Hate Speech Online' (2020), American Political Science Review [online]
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Siegel, A.A., Nikitin, E., Barberá, P., Sterling, J., Pullen, B., Bonneau, R., Nagler, J. & Tucker, J.A., 'Trumping hate on Twitter? Online hate speech in the 2016 U.S. Election campaign and its aftermath' (2021), Quarterly Journal of Political Science, 16(1), pp. 71-104
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Sifak, Q. & Setiawan, E.B., 'Hate Speech Detection using CNN and BiGRU with Attention Mechanism on Twitter' (2023), Proceeding - COMNETSAT 2023: IEEE International Conference on Communication, Networks and Satellite, pp. 170–175
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Siino, M., Lomonaco, F. & Rosso, P., 'Backtranslate what you are saying and I will tell who you are' (2024), Expert Systems [online]
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Siler, A. & Karsli, B., 'Religious Hate Speech in a Networked Society: The Digital Pulpit Sheikhdom | Ağ Toplumunda Dini Nefret Söylemi: Dijital Kürsü Şeyhliği' (2024), Hitit Theology Journal, 23(2), pp. 1114–1137
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Silva, C., 'Fighting Against Hate Speech: A Case for Harnessing Interactive Digital Counter-Narratives' (2023), Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), 14383 LNCS, pp. 159–174
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Silva, C. & Carvalho, P., 'When Can Compliments and Humour Be Considered Hate Speech? A Perspective From Target Groups in Portugal | Quando É que os Elogios e o Humor Podem Ser Considerados Discurso de Ódio? Uma Perspetiva dos Grupos-Alvo em Portugal' (2023), Comunicacao e Sociedade, 43, e023006
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Silva, E., Nandathilaka, M., Dalugoda, S., Amarasinghe, T., Ahangama, S. & Weerasuriya, G.T., 'Machine Learning-Based Automated Tool to Detect Sinhala Hate Speech in Images' (2021), Proceedings of 6th International Conference on Information Technology Research: Digital Resilience and Reinvention, ICITR 2021
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Simmons, C., 'CTRL HATE DELETE: The New Anti-Feminist Backlash and How We Fight It' (2025), Bristol, UK: Policy Press
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Simpson, R.M., '‘Won’t Somebody Please Think of the Children?’ Hate Speech, Harm, and Childhood' (2019), Law and Philosophy, 38(1), pp.79-108
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Singh, A. & Ray, R., 'Identifying Offensive Content in Social Media Posts' (2021), Communications in Computer and Information Science, 1402 CCIS, pp. 1-8
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Singh, D., 'Dalits’ encounters with casteism on social media: a thematic analysis' (2025), Information Communication and Society [online]
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Singh, D., 'Dalits’ encounters with casteism on social media: a thematic analysis' (2025), Information Communication and Society, 28(2), pp. 335–353
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Singh, D., Gupta, S. & Baghel, R., 'Hate Speech Detection Using Machine Learning and Deep Learning Techniques' (2024), Communications in Computer and Information Science, 2128 CCIS, pp. 110–124
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Singh, D., Gupta, S. & Gupta, P., 'Detection of Hate Speech Using Ensemble Models' (2024), Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 1021 LNNS, pp. 277–289
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Singh, G.V., Ghosh, S., Firdaus, M., Ekbal, A. & Bhattacharyya, P., 'Unmasking offensive content: a multimodal approach with emotional understanding' (2025), Multimedia Tools and Applications [online]
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Singh, K., Tripathi, M., Agarwal, B. & Sain, A.K., 'Ensemble of Transformer Based Approach for Hate Speech Detection on Twitter Data' (2023), 2023 10th IEEE Uttar Pradesh Section International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering, UPCON 2023, pp. 894–899
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Singh, N.K. & Chand, S., 'Machine Learning-based Multilabel Toxic Comment Classification' (2022), 3rd IEEE 2022 International Conference on Computing, Communication, and Intelligent Systems, ICCCIS 2022, pp. 435-439
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Singh, N.K., Singh, P., Das, P. & Chand, S., 'XRBi-GAC: A hybrid deep learning framework for multilingual toxicity detection' (2023), Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, 45(1), pp. 1409–1421
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Singh, P., Singh, N.K., Monika & Chand, S., 'MBERT-GRU multilingual deep learning framework for hate speech detection in social media' (2023), Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, 44(5), pp. 8177–8192
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Singh, R.K., Sanjay, H.A., Pramod Jain, S.A., Rishi, H. & Bhardwaj, S., 'NLP Based Hate Speech Detection and Moderation' (2023), 7th IEEE International Conference on Computational Systems and Information Technology for Sustainable Solutions, CSITSS 2023 – Proceedings
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Singh, S., Haridasan, A. & Mooney, R., '“Female Astronaut: Because sandwiches won’t make themselves up there!: Towards multi-modal misogyny detection in memes' (2023), Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pp. 150–159
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Singhal, M., Komal, Zeeshan, M., Saini, I. & Nagrath, P., 'Hate Speech Detection Using Glove and BERT' (2025), Communications in Computer and Information Science, 2267 CCIS, pp. 184–194
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Singhal, M., Ling, C., Paudel, P., Thota, P., Kumarswamy, N., Stringhini, G. & Nilizadeh, S., 'SoK: Content Moderation in Social Media, from Guidelines to Enforcement, and Research to Practice' (2023), Proceedings - 8th IEEE European Symposium on Security and Privacy, Euro S and P 2023, pp. 868–895
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Sinha, A., 'Contours Of Controversy: Analyzing Hate Speech Within The Framework Of Free Speech' (2024), Frontiers in Health Informatics, 13(3), pp. 876–887
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Sinokki, J., 'Welcome to the Dark Side: Use of Humour in Indoctrinating to Extremist Ideologies' (2025), Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 55(3), e70010
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Sipka, A., Hannak, A. & Urman, A., 'Comparing the Language of QAnon-Related Content on Parler, Gab, and Twitter' (2022), ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, pp. 411-421
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Siregar, F.S., Mulyadi, Saragih, A. & Rangkuti, R., 'Hate speech against female public figures in Indonesia: Natural semantic metalanguage analysis in social media discourse' (2025), Research Journal in Advanced Humanities, 6(1)
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Sirichan, K., 'The direct reference theory of pejoratives in hate speech' (2021), Philosophia (Philippines), 22(2), pp. 245-259
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Sirulhaq, A., Yuwono, U. & Muta’ali, A., 'Why do we need a sociocognitive-CDA in hate speech studies? A corpus-based systematic review' (2023), Discourse and Society [online]
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Sivanaiah, R., Angel Deborah, S., Sakaya Milton, R. & Mirnalinee, T.T., 'TechSSN at SemEval-2022 Task 5: Multimedia Automatic Misogyny Identification using Deep Learning Models' (2022), SemEval 2022 - 16th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation, Proceedings of the Workshop, pp. 571-574
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Siyuan, C., 'Regulating online hate speech: the Singapore experiment' (2023), International Review of Law, Computers and Technology [online]
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Sjöholm, M., 'International Human Rights Law and Protection Against Gender-Based Harm on the Internet' (2022), Cham: Springer
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Skrzypek, M., 'Between neo-militant and quasi-militant democracy: restrictions on freedoms of speech and the press in Austria, Finland, and Sweden 2008–2019' (2022), European Politics and Society [online]
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Slagle, M., 'An ethical exploration of free expression and the problem of hate speech' (2009), Journal of Mass Media Ethics, 24(4), pp.238-250
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Smallwood, T.L., 'Public theology and violent rhetoric examined in a queer womanist critical ethnography' (2025), London: Bloomsbury
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Smith, C.R., 'Circumventing The “True Threat” And “Viewpoint” Protection Tests to Deal with Persistent Campus Hate Speech' (2020), First Amendment Studies [online]
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Smith, G., Licata, G. & Rustagi, I., 'Empowering Product Teams to Advance Inclusive Language and Mitigate Hateful Speech on Social Media Products' (2024), Business and Professional Communication Quarterly [online]
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Smith, J., '“It feels like a mini victory”: alternative routes to justice in experiences of online misogyny' (2023), in N. Booth, I. Masson & L. Baldwin (Eds.) Experiences of Punishment, Abuse and Justice by Women and Families: Volume 2 (pp. 110-131), Bristol, UK: Policy Press
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