Publications: Hate speech
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Sanjurjo, V.A., 'Can hateful religious speech for reasons of gender, orientation and sexual identity be considered a hate crime? | [¿Es el discurso religioso odioso por razones de género, orientación e identidad sexual un discurso de odio?]' (2021), Revista de Derecho Politico, (112), pp. 175-214
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Sanoussi, M.S.A., Xiaohua, C., Agordzo, G.K., Guindo, M.L., Al Omari, A.M.M.A. & Issa, B.M., 'Detection of Hate Speech Texts Using Machine Learning Algorithm' (2022), 2022 IEEE 12th Annual Computing and Communication Workshop and Conference, CCWC 2022, pp. 266-273
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Santamaría-Velascoa, F. & Ortiz, A.R., 'Hatred Expressives Institutionalized in Colombian Political Discourse. An Analysis of ‘Guerrilero’, ‘Castrochavista’, ‘Vándalo’ and ‘Gente de Bien’ | Expressões de ódio institucionalizados no discurso político colombiano. Uma análise sobre ‘guerrilheiro’, ‘castrochavista’, vândalo’ e ‘gente de bem’' (2023), Signo y Pensamiento, 42
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Santana, B.S., Vanin, A.A. & Wives, L.K., 'Sexist Hate Speech: Identifying Potential Online Verbal Violence Instances' (2022), Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), 13208 LNAI, pp. 177-187
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Santhiya, S., Uma, S., Abinaya, N., Jayadharshini, P., Priyanka, S. & Dharshini, M.N., 'A Comparative Exploration in Text Classification for Hate Speech and Offensive Language Detection Using BERT-Based and GloVe Embeddings' (2024), 2024 2nd International Conference on Disruptive Technologies, ICDT 2024, pp. 1506–1509
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Santos, A.R.S.D., Rodrigues, C.M.D.O. & De Melo, H.B.S, 'Identifying Xenophobia in Twitter Posts Using Support Vector Machine with TF/IDF Strategy' (2022), ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, Par F180474, 37
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Santos, D.L., 'Negative campaigning. Comparative analysis of the hate speech broadcast by Catalonian political leaders on their official Twitter accounts and television | Negatividad en procesos electorales. Análisis comparative del discurso de odio difundido por los líderes politicos catalanes en su cuenta oficial de Twitter y en televisión' (2023), Doxa Comunicacion, 2023(37)
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Santos, F., Sousa, J.M.C. & Vieira, S.M., 'Topic Modeling for Enhancing Transformers Hate Speech Detection' (2025), Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 1175 LNNS, pp. 223–234
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Santos, G.L., dos Santos, V.G., Kearns, C., Sinclair, G., Black, J., Doidge, M., Fletcher, T., Kilvington, D., Endo, P.T., Liston, K. & Lynn, T., 'Kicking Prejudice: Large Language Models for Racism Classification in Soccer Discourse on Social Media' (2024), Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), 14663 LNCS, pp. 547–562
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Santos, R.B., Matos, B.C., Carvalho, P., Batista, F. & Ribeiro, R., 'Semi-Supervised Annotation of Portuguese Hate Speech Across Social Media Domains' (2022), OpenAccess Series in Informatics, 104, 11
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Santosa, H., Rachman, F., Austen, S.A., Christianto & Girsang, A.S., 'IndoBERT for classifying hate speech in Twitter' (2024), AIP Conference Proceedings, 3026(1), 050015
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Sanya, A.D. & Suadaa, L.H., 'Handling Imbalanced Dataset on Hate Speech Detection in Indonesian Online News Comments' (2022), 2022 10th International Conference on Information and Communication Technology, ICoICT 2022, pp. 380-385
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Saqia, B., Khan, K., Ur Rahman, A., Ullah Khan, S., Alkhowaiter, M., Khan, W. & Ullah, A., 'Enhancing Immoral Post Detection on Social Networks Using Knowledge Graph and Attention-Based BiLSTM Framework' (2024), IEEE Access, 12, pp. 178345–178361
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Sardo, A., 'Hate Speech: A Pragmatic Assessment of the European Court of Human Rights’ Jurisprudence' (2022), European Convention on Human Rights Law Review, 4(1), pp. 58-99
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Sari, T.I., Ardilla, Z.N., Hayatin, N. & Maskat, R., 'Abusive comment identification on Indonesian social media data using hybrid deep learning' (2022), IAES International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, 11(3), pp. 895-904
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Sarikakis, K., Kassa, B.E., Fenz, N., Goldschmitt S., Kasser, J. & Nowotarski, L., '“My haters and I”: Personal and political responses to hate speech against female journalists in Austria' (2021), Feminist Media Studies [online]
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Sarker, M., Hossain, M.F., Liza, F.R., Sakib, S.N. & Al Farooq, A., 'A Machine Learning Approach to Classify Anti-social Bengali Comments on Social Media' (2022), 2022 International Conference on Advancement in Electrical and Electronic Engineering, ICAEEE 2022
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Särmä, S., 'Underbelly: Making Online Hate Visible' (2020), New Perspectives, 28(1), pp. 128-141
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Sasidaran, K. & Geetha, J., 'Multimodal Hate Speech Detection using Fine-Tuned Llama 2 Model' (2024), International Conference on Intelligent Algorithms for Computational Intelligence Systems, IACIS 2024
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Sathishkumar, R., Govindarajan, M., Deepankumar, R., 'Hate Speech Detection in Social Media Using Ensemble Method in Classifiers' (2024), Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 915, pp. 209–222
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Sathishkumar, R., Karthikeyan, T., Praveen, K.P. & Shamsundar, S.M., 'Ensemble Text Classification with TF-IDF Vectorization for Hate Speech Detection in Social Media' (2023), 2023 International Conference on System, Computation, Automation and Networking, ICSCAN 2023
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Sato, M., 'A Digital Turn: Recognizing Asian Gendered Resistance During the COVID-19 Pandemic' (2022), ACME, 21(3), pp. 303-310
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Sato, A., 'Sanitising Social Media and the Production of Non-political Creative Content' (2022), Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology, 23(1), pp. 78-96
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Satyanarayana, K., 'Caste violence: Free speech or atrocity?' (2019), in P.K. Malreddy, A.S. Purakayastha & B. Heidemann (Eds.) Violence in South Asia: Contemporary Perspectives (pp. 37-51), London & New York: Routledge
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Saud, J. & Mozin, N., 'Hate speech law and its analysis on technological information manipulation' (2022), AIP Conference Proceedings, 2573, 040003-1
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Saufi, N.N.M., Kamaruddin, S. & Upadhyay, N.K., 'Policing Cyber Hate: A Comparative Analysis Between Malaysia and India' (2022), Indian Journal of Law and Justice, 13(2), pp. 29-49
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Saufi, N.N.M., Kamaruddin, S., Mohammad, A.M., Jabar, N.A.A., Rosli, W.R.W. & Talib, Z.M., 'Disruptive AI Technology and Hate Speech: A Legal Redress in Malaysia' (2023), 2023 International Conference on Disruptive Technologies, ICDT 2023, pp. 759–763
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Saumya, S., Kumar, A. & Singh, J.P., 'Filtering offensive language from multilingual social media contents: A deep learning approach' (2024), Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, 133, 108159
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Sawant, M., Qureshi, M.A., Younus, A. & Caton, S., 'Using Explainable AI (XAI) for Identification of Subjectivity in Hate Speech Annotations for Low-Resource Languages' (2024), OASIS 2024 - Proceedings of the 2024 Workshop on Open Challenges in Online Social Media, Held in conjunction with the 35th ACM Conference on Hypertext and Social Media, HT 2024, pp. 10–17
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Saxena, S., Dixit, A.K. & Memoria, M., 'A Study of Web 3.0 Blockchain and Natural Learning Process Programming Study: Hate Discourse Detection' (2023), Proceedings of International Conference on Contemporary Computing and Informatics, IC3I 2023, pp. 142–146
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Saxena, S., Dixit, A.K., Kaur, G. & Roy, R., 'Using AI & ML Algorithms to Investigate Internet-Based Hate Speeches with International Legal Perspective' (2025), Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 1139, pp. 101–111
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Saxena, S., Dixit, A.K., Pandey, S., Pachouri, V., Aluvala, S. & Juyal, A., 'Examining Internet-based Hate Crime Through Artificial Intelligence' (2024), Proceedings - 2024 3rd International Conference on Sentiment Analysis and Deep Learning, ICSADL 2024, pp. 158–163
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Sazany, E. & Budi, I., 'Hate Speech Identification in Text Written in Indonesian With Recurrent Neural Network' (2019), 2019 International Conference on Advanced Computer Science and Information Systems, ICACSIS 2019, 8979959, pp. 211-216
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Scahill, A., 'Can hate speech be free speech?' (1994), Australasian Gay and Lesbian Law Journal, 4, 1
Scaramuzzino, G., 'Shrinking or expanding access to civic space? The consequences of hate speech, threats and harassment within Swedish civil society' (2023), Journal of Civil Society [online]
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Schäfer, S., Rebasso, I., Boyer, M.M. & Planitzer, A.M., 'Can We Counteract Hate? Effects of Online Hate Speech and Counter Speech on the Perception of Social Groups' (2023), Communication Research [online]
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Schäfer, S., Sülflow, M. & Reiners, L., 'Hate Speech as an Indicator for the State of the Society: Effects of Hateful User Comments on Perceived Social Dynamic' (2021), Journal of Media Psychology [online]
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Scharwächter, E. & Müller, E., 'Does Terrorism Trigger Online Hate Speech? On the Association of Events and Time Series' (2020), Annals of Applied Statistics, 14(3), pp. 1285-1303
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Schauer, F., 'Messages, motives, and hate crimes' (1992), Criminal Justice Ethics, 11(2), pp.52-54
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Schicchi, D., Upadhyaya, A., Fisichella, M. & Taibi, D., 'Using ChatGPT to Enhance Students’ Behavior in Social Media via the Moral Foundation Theory' (2023), Proceedings of the First International Workshop on High-performance Artificial Intelligence Systems in Education co-located with 22nd International Conference of the Italian Association for Artificial Intelligence (AIxIA 2023)
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Schinello, S., 'New (Digital) Media in Creative Society: Ethical Issues of Content Moderation | Naujosios (skaitmeninės) medijos kūrybos visuomenėje: turinio moderavimo etiniai klausimai' (2024), Filosofija, Sociologija, 35(1), pp. 67–74
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Schissler, M., 'Beyond Hate Speech and Misinformation: Facebook and the Rohingya Genocide in Myanmar' (2024), Journal of Genocide Research [online]
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Schlag, G., 'European Union’s Regulating of Social Media: A Discourse Analysis of the Digital Services Act' (2023), Politics and Governance, 11(3), pp. 168–177
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Schlegel, L. & Kowert, R. (Eds.), 'Gaming and Extremism: The Radicalization of Digital Playgrounds' (2024), New York: Routledge
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Schlegel, L., Wiegold, L., Winkler, C. & Junk, J., 'Exploring the digital extremist ecosystem: a preliminary analysis of hateful posts on Mod DB' (2024), Frontiers in Psychology, 15, 1502098
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Schlicht, I.B., Fernandez, E., Chulvi, B. & Rosso, P., 'Automatic detection of health misinformation: a systematic review' (2023), Automatic detection of health misinformation: a systematic review’ (2023), Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing [online]
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Schmid, U.K., 'Humorous hate speech on social media: A mixed-methods investigation of users’ perceptions and processing of hateful memes' (2023), New Media and Society [online]
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Schmid, U.K., 'Humorous hate speech on social media: A mixed-methods investigation of users’ perceptions and processing of hateful memes' (2025), New Media and Society, 27(3), pp. 1588–1606
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Schmid, U.K., Kümpel, A.S. & Rieger, D., 'Social Media Users’ Motives for (Not) Engaging With Hate Speech: An Explorative Investigation' (2024), Social Media and Society, 10(4)
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Schmid, U.K., Kümpel, A.S. & Rieger, D., 'How social media users perceive different forms of online hate speech: A qualitative multi-method study' (2022), New Media and Society [online]
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