Publications: Hate speech
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Enock, F.E. & Over, H., 'Animalistic slurs increase harm by changing perceptions of social desirability' (2023), Royal Society Open Science, 10(7), 230203
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Enriquez, R.C.K. & Estuar, M.R.J.E., 'Determining Linguistic Features of Hate Speech from 2016 Philippine Election-Related Tweets' (2023), 2023 International Conference on IT Innovation and Knowledge Discovery, ITIKD 2023
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Epstein, E.M.B., Ngaosi, N.C., Khalayleh, N., Garces, L.M. & Pedota, J., 'Beyond Legal Constraints: Understanding Barriers to Humanizing Responses in the Aftermath of Hate Speech at Private Universities' (2024), Education Sciences, 14(2), 175
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Erdogan-Ozturk, Y. & Isik-Guler, H., 'Discourses of Exclusion on Twitter in the Turkish Context: #ülkemdesuriyeliistemiyorum (#idontwantsyriansinmycountry)' (2020), Discourse, Context and Media, 36, 100400
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Ergul, H.I., Terzioǧlu, A., Tercan, M., Yanikoǧlu, B. & Arin, I., 'LDA Topic Modeling on Twitter Data Concerning Immigrants and Refugees | Mülteciler ve Göçmenler Hakkindaki Tweet’ler Üzerine LDA Konu Modellemesi' (2023), 31st IEEE Conference on Signal Processing and Communications Applications, SIU 2023
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Erickson, J. & Yan, B., 'Content Moderation and Hate Speech on Alternative Platforms: A Case Study of BitChute' (2025), Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 9(2), CSCW052
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Erizal, E., Irawan, B. & Setianingsih, C., 'Hate Speech Detection in Indonesian Language on Instagram Comment Section Using Maximum Entropy Classification Method' (2019), 2019 International Conference on Information and Communications Technology, ICOIACT 2019, 8938593, pp. 533-538
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Erker, J.-J., Goanta, C. & Spanakis, G., 'A Cancel Culture Corpus through the lens of Natural Language Processing' (2022), Proceedings of the Language Resources and Evaluation Conference, LREC 2022 Workshop on Language Technology and Resources for a Fair, Inclusive, and Safe Society, LATERAISSE 2022, pp. 17-25
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Ermida, I. (Ed.), 'Hate Speech in Social Media: Linguistic Approaches' (2024), Cham: Palgrave Macmillan
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Ermoshina, K. & Musiani, F., 'Safer spaces by design? Federated socio-technical architectures in content moderation' (2025), Internet Policy Review, 14(1)
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Ersoy, B.I., Radler, G. & Carpentieri, S., 'CLassifiers at EXIST 2023: Detecting Sexism in Spanish and English Tweets With XLM-T' (2023), Working Notes of the Conference and Labs of the Evaluation Forum (CLEF 2023), pp. 919–926
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Erzar, T., 'Expressing Anger and Hatred Online: Effects, Consequences, Motivations and the Limits of Apparent Connectedness | Izražanje jeze in sovraštva na spletu: učinki, posledice, motivacija in meje navidezne povezanosti' (2024), Bogoslovni Vestnik, 84(4), pp. 945–953
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Eschmann, R., Guo, L., Groshek, J., Copeland, P. & Rochefort, A., 'Uncivil for Civil Rights: A machine learning and qualitative analysis of incivility in the X-based conversation about Black Lives Matter' (2025), Computers in Human Behavior, 166, 108543
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Esen, F.S. & Emrah Amrahov, S., 'TurkHSD: A Hate Speech Detection Model for Turkish Text Content' (2024), 2024 Innovations in Intelligent Systems and Applications Conference, ASYU 2024
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Eslen-Ziya, H., 'Establishing networked misogyny as a counter movement: The analysis of the online anti-Istanbul convention presence' (2022), Convergence [online]
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Esmaelizadeh, A., Cotterill, S., Hebert, L., Golab, L. & Taghva, K., 'Infomod: information-theoretic machine learning model diagnostics' (2025), Distributed and Parallel Databases, 43(1), 6
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Esparza, M.S., Diéguez, I.V. & Arribas, D.M., 'The Semiotics of Hate in Hoaxes about Immigrants Detected by Fact-Checking Platforms in Spain, Greece, and Italy | A semiótica do ódio em boatos sobre migrantes detectados por plataformas de verificação de fatos na Espanha, Grécia e Itália' (2024), Icono14, 22(1), e2083
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Espin-Riofrio, C., Torres, J.S.M., Rodríguez-Soria, H., Morán, V.M., Chóez, A.C. & Montejo-Ráez, A., 'Aggression and Hate in Spanish Text Messages. Identification Using a Pre-Trained Transformer Model | Agresividad y Odio en Mensajes de Texto en Español. Identificación Usando un Modelo Transformer Pre-Entrenado' (2023), Proceedings of the LACCEI international Multi-conference for Engineering, Education and Technology, 2023
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Esposito, E. & KhosraviNik, M. (Eds.), 'Discourse in the Digital Age: Social Media, Power, and Society' (2023), London: Routledge
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Esposito, E. & Zollo, S.A., '“How dare you call her a pig, I know several pigs who would be upset if they knew : A multimodal critical discursive approach to online misogyny against UK MPs on YouTube' (2021), Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict, 9(1), pp. 47-75
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Essalhi-Rakrak, A. & Pinedo-González, R., '#EspañaInvadida. Disinformation and hate speech towards refugees on Twitter: A challenge for critical thinking | [#EspañaInvadida. Desinformación y discursos de odio hacia los refugiados en Twitter: un reto para el pensamiento crítico]' (2023), Profesional de la Informacion, 32(3), e320310
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Essefar, K., Ait Baha, H., El Mahdaouy, A., El Mekki, A. & Berrada, I., 'OMCD: Offensive Moroccan Comments Dataset' (2023), Language Resources and Evaluation [online]
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Estay Sepúlveda, J.G., Barrientos-Baéz, A. & Mancina-Chávez, R., 'Democracy, Xenophobia and Intersectionality | [Democracia, xenofobia e interseccionalidad]' (2022), Revista de Filosofia (Venzuela), 39(100), pp. 53-62
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Esteban-Ramiro, B., de Castro, P.F. & Díaz-García, O., 'Androcentrism and Violence in Online Video Games: Perpetuation of Gender Inequality' (2025), Social Inclusion, 13, 9425
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Estellés, M. & Castellví, J., 'The Educational Implications of Populism, Emotions and Digital Hate Speech: A Dialogue with Scholars From Canada, Chile, Spain, the UK, and the US' (2020), Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(15), 6034
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Etaywe, A. & Zappavigna, M., 'The role of social affiliation in incitement: A social semiotic approach to far-right terrorists’ incitement to violence' (2024), Language in Society, 53(4), pp. 623–648
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Etaywe, A., Thomson, E.A. & Wijeyewardene, I., 'Moving towards peace, compassion and empathy through semiotic enquiry' (2024), Language, Context and Text, 6(1), pp. 2–26
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Etta, G., Cinelli, M., Marco, N.D., Avalle, M., Panconesi, A. & Quattrociocchi, W., 'A Topology-Based Approach for Predicting Toxic Outcomes on Twitter and YouTube' (2024), IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering [online]
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Etzioni, A., 'Allow Offensive Speech – Curb Abusive Speech?' (2019), Society [online]
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European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI), 'ECRI Report on Austria (fifth monitoring cycle)' (2015), ECRI Secretariat, Council of Europe
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European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI), 'ECRI Report on the Czech Republic (fifth monitoring cycle)' (2015), ECRI Secretariat, Council of Europe
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European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI), 'Annual report on ECRI’s activities' (2017), Strasbourg: ECRI Secretariat
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European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI), 'ECRI Report on Estonia (fifth monitoring cycle)' (2015), ECRI Secretariat, Council of Europe
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European Court of Human Rights, 'Factsheet – Hate speech' (2018), Council of Europe
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Evans, J.V., Steinberg, S., Clement, D.Y. & Carron, D., 'Settler Colonialism, Illiberal Memory, and German-Canadian Hate Networks in the Twentieth and Twenty-first Centuries' (2023), Central European History [online]
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Evans, P., 'Football and Homosexually Themed Banter: The Disconnect between Positive Social Attitudes toward Gay People and the Use of Homophobic Language' (2024), International Journal of Sport and Society, 15(1), pp. 95–122
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Evans, P., 'English Soccer, Homophobia, Elitist Cascades, and Social Conformity' (2025), International Journal of Sport and Society, 16(3), pp. 47–69
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Evkoski, B., Ljubešić, N., Pelicon, A., Mozetič, I. & Kralj Novak, P., 'Evolution of topics and hate speech in retweet network communities' (2021), Applied Network Science, 6(1), 96
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Evkoski, B., Pelicon, A., Mozetič, I., Ljubešić, N. & Novak, P.K., 'Retweet communities reveal the main sources of hate speech' (2022), PLoS ONE, 17(3 March), e0265602
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Ezeibe, C., 'Hate Speech and Election Violence in Nigeria' (2020), Journal of Asian and African Studies [online]
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Ezeife, C.I., Chaturvedi, R., Nasir, M. & Manjunath, V., 'Mining Twitter Multi-word Product Opinions with Most Frequent Sequences of Aspect Terms' (2022), Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), 13635 LNCS, pp. 126-136
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F
Faggioli, G., Ferro, N., Joly, A., Maistro, M. & Piroi, F. (Eds.), 'Proceedings of the Working Notes of CLEF 2021 – Conference and Labs of the Evaluation Forum' (2021), Conference and Labs of the Evaluation Forum (CLEF 2021), Bucharest, Romania, September 21st to 24th, 2021
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Fahad, A., Mustafa, S.E. & Luqman, M., 'Religious-Political Discussion on Instagram and WhatsApp and Perception of Religion among Youths in Delhi' (2023), Journal of Asian and African Studies [online]
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Fahim, M., Gokhale, S.S. & Gokhale, S.S., 'Detecting Offensive Content on Twitter during Proud Boys Riots' (2021), Proceedings - 20th IEEE International Conference on Machine Learning and Applications, ICMLA 2021, pp. 1582-1587
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Fair, G., Wesslen, R., 'Shouting Into the Void: A Database of the Alternative Social Media Platform Gab' (2019), Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Web and Social Media, ICWSM 2019, pp. 608-610
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Fan, H., Du, W., Dahou, A., Ewees A.A., Yousri D., Elaziz M.A., Elsheikh A.H., Abualigah, L. & Al-Qaness, M.A.A., 'Social media toxicity classification using deep learning: Real-world application UK Brexit' (2021), Electronics (Switzerland), 10(11), 1332
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Fan, L., Li, L. & Hemphill, L., 'Toxicity on Social Media During the 2022 Mpox Public Health Emergency: Quantitative Study of Topical and Network Dynamics' (2024), Journal of Medical Internet Research, 26, e52997
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Fan, X., Liu, J., Liu, J., Tuerxun, P., Deng, W. & Li, W., 'Identifying Hate Speech through Syntax Dependency Graph Convolution and Sentiment Knowledge Transfer' (2023), IEEE Access [online]
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Fangen, K. & Holter, C.R., 'The Battle for Truth: How Online Newspaper Commenters Defend Their Censored Expressions' (2019), Poetics, 101423 [online]
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Fanton, M., Bonaldi, H., Tekiroglu, S.S. & Guerini, M., 'Human-in-the-loop for data collection: A multi-target counter narrative dataset to fight online hate speech' (2021), ACL-IJCNLP 2021 - 59th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 11th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing, Proceedings of the Conference, pp. 3226-3240
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