Publications: Hate speech
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Silva, C. & Carvalho, P., 'When Can Compliments and Humour Be Considered Hate Speech? A Perspective From Target Groups in Portugal | Quando É que os Elogios e o Humor Podem Ser Considerados Discurso de Ódio? Uma Perspetiva dos Grupos-Alvo em Portugal' (2023), Comunicacao e Sociedade, 43, e023006
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Silva, E., Nandathilaka, M., Dalugoda, S., Amarasinghe, T., Ahangama, S. & Weerasuriya, G.T., 'Machine Learning-Based Automated Tool to Detect Sinhala Hate Speech in Images' (2021), Proceedings of 6th International Conference on Information Technology Research: Digital Resilience and Reinvention, ICITR 2021
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Simmons, C., 'CTRL HATE DELETE: The New Anti-Feminist Backlash and How We Fight It' (2025), Bristol, UK: Policy Press
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Simpson, R.M., '‘Won’t Somebody Please Think of the Children?’ Hate Speech, Harm, and Childhood' (2019), Law and Philosophy, 38(1), pp.79-108
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Singh, A. & Ray, R., 'Identifying Offensive Content in Social Media Posts' (2021), Communications in Computer and Information Science, 1402 CCIS, pp. 1-8
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Singh, D., 'Dalits’ encounters with casteism on social media: a thematic analysis' (2025), Information Communication and Society [online]
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Singh, D., Gupta, S. & Baghel, R., 'Hate Speech Detection Using Machine Learning and Deep Learning Techniques' (2024), Communications in Computer and Information Science, 2128 CCIS, pp. 110–124
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Singh, D., Gupta, S. & Gupta, P., 'Detection of Hate Speech Using Ensemble Models' (2024), Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 1021 LNNS, pp. 277–289
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Singh, G.V., Ghosh, S., Firdaus, M., Ekbal, A. & Bhattacharyya, P., 'Unmasking offensive content: a multimodal approach with emotional understanding' (2025), Multimedia Tools and Applications [online]
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Singh, K., Tripathi, M., Agarwal, B. & Sain, A.K., 'Ensemble of Transformer Based Approach for Hate Speech Detection on Twitter Data' (2023), 2023 10th IEEE Uttar Pradesh Section International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering, UPCON 2023, pp. 894–899
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Singh, N.K. & Chand, S., 'Machine Learning-based Multilabel Toxic Comment Classification' (2022), 3rd IEEE 2022 International Conference on Computing, Communication, and Intelligent Systems, ICCCIS 2022, pp. 435-439
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Singh, N.K., Singh, P., Das, P. & Chand, S., 'XRBi-GAC: A hybrid deep learning framework for multilingual toxicity detection' (2023), Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, 45(1), pp. 1409–1421
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Singh, P., Singh, N.K., Monika & Chand, S., 'MBERT-GRU multilingual deep learning framework for hate speech detection in social media' (2023), Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, 44(5), pp. 8177–8192
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Singh, R.K., Sanjay, H.A., Pramod Jain, S.A., Rishi, H. & Bhardwaj, S., 'NLP Based Hate Speech Detection and Moderation' (2023), 7th IEEE International Conference on Computational Systems and Information Technology for Sustainable Solutions, CSITSS 2023 – Proceedings
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Singh, S., Haridasan, A. & Mooney, R., '“Female Astronaut: Because sandwiches won’t make themselves up there!: Towards multi-modal misogyny detection in memes' (2023), Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pp. 150–159
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Singhal, M., Komal, Zeeshan, M., Saini, I. & Nagrath, P., 'Hate Speech Detection Using Glove and BERT' (2025), Communications in Computer and Information Science, 2267 CCIS, pp. 184–194
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Singhal, M., Ling, C., Paudel, P., Thota, P., Kumarswamy, N., Stringhini, G. & Nilizadeh, S., 'SoK: Content Moderation in Social Media, from Guidelines to Enforcement, and Research to Practice' (2023), Proceedings - 8th IEEE European Symposium on Security and Privacy, Euro S and P 2023, pp. 868–895
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Sinha, A., 'Contours Of Controversy: Analyzing Hate Speech Within The Framework Of Free Speech' (2024), Frontiers in Health Informatics, 13(3), pp. 876–887
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Sipka, A., Hannak, A. & Urman, A., 'Comparing the Language of QAnon-Related Content on Parler, Gab, and Twitter' (2022), ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, pp. 411-421
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Siregar, F.S., Mulyadi, Saragih, A. & Rangkuti, R., 'Hate speech against female public figures in Indonesia: Natural semantic metalanguage analysis in social media discourse' (2025), Research Journal in Advanced Humanities, 6(1)
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Sirichan, K., 'The direct reference theory of pejoratives in hate speech' (2021), Philosophia (Philippines), 22(2), pp. 245-259
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Sirulhaq, A., Yuwono, U. & Muta’ali, A., 'Why do we need a sociocognitive-CDA in hate speech studies? A corpus-based systematic review' (2023), Discourse and Society [online]
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Sivanaiah, R., Angel Deborah, S., Sakaya Milton, R. & Mirnalinee, T.T., 'TechSSN at SemEval-2022 Task 5: Multimedia Automatic Misogyny Identification using Deep Learning Models' (2022), SemEval 2022 - 16th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation, Proceedings of the Workshop, pp. 571-574
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Siyuan, C., 'Regulating online hate speech: the Singapore experiment' (2023), International Review of Law, Computers and Technology [online]
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Sjöholm, M., 'International Human Rights Law and Protection Against Gender-Based Harm on the Internet' (2022), Cham: Springer
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Skrzypek, M., 'Between neo-militant and quasi-militant democracy: restrictions on freedoms of speech and the press in Austria, Finland, and Sweden 2008–2019' (2022), European Politics and Society [online]
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Slagle, M., 'An ethical exploration of free expression and the problem of hate speech' (2009), Journal of Mass Media Ethics, 24(4), pp.238-250
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Smallwood, T.L., 'Public theology and violent rhetoric examined in a queer womanist critical ethnography' (2025), London: Bloomsbury
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Smith, C.R., 'Circumventing The “True Threat” And “Viewpoint” Protection Tests to Deal with Persistent Campus Hate Speech' (2020), First Amendment Studies [online]
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Smith, G., Licata, G. & Rustagi, I., 'Empowering Product Teams to Advance Inclusive Language and Mitigate Hateful Speech on Social Media Products' (2024), Business and Professional Communication Quarterly [online]
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Smith, J., '“It feels like a mini victory”: alternative routes to justice in experiences of online misogyny' (2023), in N. Booth, I. Masson & L. Baldwin (Eds.) Experiences of Punishment, Abuse and Justice by Women and Families: Volume 2 (pp. 110-131), Bristol, UK: Policy Press
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Smith, R. & Perry, M., 'Fake News and the Pandemic in Southeast Asia' (2022), Australian Journal of Asian Law, 22(2), pp. 131-154
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Smith, R.B. & Smith, N.N., 'A tale of two pandemics: Fake news and COVID-19' (2022), Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences, 43(3), pp. 677-682
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Smuc, E., Delac, G., Silic, M. & Vladimir, K., 'A Transfer Learning Method for Hate Speech Detection' (2023), 2023 46th ICT and Electronics Convention, MIPRO 2023 - Proceedings, pp. 953–958
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Sobhani, N. & Delany, S.J., 'Towards Fairer NLP Models: Handling Gender Bias In Classification Tasks' (2024), GeBNLP 2024 - 5th Workshop on Gender Bias in Natural Language Processing, Proceedings of the Workshop, pp. 167–178
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Sohail, T., Aiman, A., Hashmi, E., Imran, A.S., Daudpota, S.M. & Yayilgan, S.Y., 'Hate Speech Detection in Code-Mixed Datasets using Pretrained Embeddings and Transformers' (2024), 2024 International Conference on Frontiers of Information Technology, FIT 2024
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Sohn, H. & Lee, H., 'MCERT4HATE: Hate Speech Detection Using Multi-Channel Bert for Different Languages and Translations' (2019), IEEE International Conference on Data Mining Workshops, ICDMW, 2019-November, 8955559, pp. 551-559
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Sokolová, Z., Harahus, M., Juhár, J., Pleva, M., Staš, J. & Hládek, D., 'Comparison of Machine Learning Approaches for Sentiment Analysis in Slovak' (2024), Electronics (Switzerland), 13(4), 703
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Sokolova, Z., Stas, J. & Hladek, D., 'An Introduction to Detection of Hate Speech and Offensive Language in Slovak' (2022), 2022 12th International Conference on Advanced Computer Information Technologies, ACIT 2022, pp. 497-501
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Solitana, N.T. & Cheng, C.K., 'Analyses of Hate and Non-Hate Expressions during Election using NLP' (2021), 2021 International Conference on Asian Language Processing, IALP 2021, pp. 385-390
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Solomon, B.C., Hall, M.E.K., Hemmen, A. & Druckman, J.N., 'Illusory interparty disagreement: Partisans agree on what hate speech to censor but do not know it' (2024), Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 121(39), e240242812
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Solomon, W., Paul, O. & Makara, S., 'Social media regulation in Uganda: the dilemma of laxity and conformity to international norms' (2024), Journal of Contemporary African Studies [online]
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Som, P., Mishra, R., Das, S., Singh, R.K., Rakesh, D.K., Behera, B. & Kumar, R.R., 'Evaluating Machine Learning Models for Hate Speech Detection in ODIA Language' (2024), 2024 1st International Conference on Cognitive, Green and Ubiquitous Computing, IC-CGU 2024
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Somashekar, I., 'Do Koreans hate Indians? Fact checking viral online videos calling out Korean racism' (2024), Media Asia [online]
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Sonare, B., Dewan, J., Jadhav, A., Bamboriya, A., Gaikwad, M. & Kokare, G., 'RAEEUCCI2023-Comparative study of Hate Speech detection using different Machine Learning Classifiers' (2023), 2023 International Conference on Recent Advances in Electrical, Electronics, Ubiquitous Communication, and Computational Intelligence, RAEEUCCI 2023
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Soneji, A., Hamilton, V., Doupé, A., McDonald, A. & Redmiles, E.M., '“I feel physically safe but not politically safe”: Understanding the Digital Threats and Safety Practices of OnlyFans Creators' (2024), Proceedings of the 33rd USENIX Security Symposium, pp. 1–18
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Song, M., 'Detecting Misogynia in Italian Tweets: A Linguistic and Contextual based Method' (2022), Proceedings - 2022 International Conference on Computers, Information Processing and Advanced Education, CIPAE 2022, pp. 67-72
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Sood, O. & Dandapat, S., 'Problematic Webpage Identification: A Trilogy of Hatespeech, Search Engines and GPT' (2023), Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pp. 126–137
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Sookarah, D. & Ramwodin, L.S., 'Combatting online harassment by using transformer language models for the detection of emotions, hate speech and offensive language on social media' (2022), ELECOM 2022 - Proceedings of the 2022 4th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Trends in Electrical, Electronic and Communications Engineering
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Soral, W., Bieńkowski, M. & Bilewicz, M., 'Hate Speech on the Map of Stereotype Content' (2025), Social Psychology [online]
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